Introduction to Radiography

1
Introduction to Radiography

• Terms and Definitions

2
Anatomic Terminology

• Anatomic position
• Erect, face forward, feet together, arms at sides
  with palms forward

3
Anatomic Terminology

• Plane - Flat surface passed through the body or a
  portion of the body
• Longitudinal planes
• Coronal
• Sagittal
• Horizontal plane
• Transverse

transverse
mid-sagittal
coronal
4
Directional Terms
posterior
anterior
5
Joint Movement Terms

• ABDUCT vs. ADDUCT

6
Joint Movement Terms

• FLEXION vs. EXTENSION

hyperextend
extend
flexion
flexion
extension
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
neutral
7
Joint Movement Terms

• INVERSION vs. EVERSION

turn inward or medially
turn outward or laterally
8
Joint Movement Terms

• PRONATION vs. SUPINATION

place on back
place on front
9
Joint Movement Terms

• ROTATION vs. CIRCUMDUCTION

pivot
circle
10
Body Position Terms

• Describe the overall placement of the body
• Erect "upright"
• Position when the sagittal and coronal planes of
  the body are perpendicular to the horizon
• Recumbent "lying down"
• Position when the transverse plane of the body is
  perpendicular to the horizon

11
Body Position Terms

• decubitus vs. recumbent
• general meanings are the same "LYING DOWN"
• but in radiography, decubitus has a special
  meaning
• DECUBITUS
• patient is lying down the x-ray beam is
  parallel to the horizon

12
Erect Positions
Left lateral erect position

• Surface of body closest to the film used to give
  a more specific description
• Examples
• Posterior erect -- patient is standing with the
  posterior surface of the body next to the
  cassette
• Left lateral erect -- patient is standing with
  the left side of the body next to the cassette

13
Recumbent Positions

• Supine
• (posterior recumbent position)
• Lying down on the back
• Prone
• (anterior recumbent position)
• Lying face down
• xx lateral recumbent
• lying down on the xx side

14
Oblique (Erect or Recumbent)

• Position when the body is rotated so that the MS
  plane is neither nor to the film but at an
  angle
• Exact position is indicated by the surface
  closest to the film and the angle of rotation
• May be erect or recumbent
• abbreviations
• RPO, LPO, RAO, LAO

45 RPO
15
Decubitus Positions

• Ventral decubitus
• patient is prone a horizontal beam is used
• Dorsal decubitus
• patient is supine a horizontal beam is used
• Left lateral decubitus
• patient lying on the left lateral side a
  horizontal beam is used

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PROJECTION

• Refers to the path the beam takes through part
• Anteroposterior projection (AP)
• Beam enters the front surface and exits the back
  surface of the part
• Posteroanterior projection (PA)
• Beam enters the back and exits the front of the
  part

AP projection in supine position
PA projection in prone position
17
Lateral Projections

• Normally the positioning terminology is used
  rather than projection
• torso and head
• Right to left lateral projection
• Left to right lateral projection
• extremities
• Mediolateral projection
• Lateromedial projection

L lateral erect position R to L lateral projection
18
Oblique Projections

• Normally the positioning terminology is used
• example
• RPO position right anterior to right
  posterior projection (oblique AP)

19
Radiographpy vs Nuclear Medicine
Radiography source of radiation is external.
Gamma rays pass through body and form
radiograph Nuclear Medicine source of
radiation is radiopharmaceutical taken
internally. X-rays pass out of body and form
scan image.
20
Ionization

• Ability of x-rays to change substances thru which
  they pass
• Used to make radiographs and treat cancer
• May cause cell damage and even death

21
Nuclear Scan

• Can give picture of both structure and function
• Use radiopharma-ceutical to produce image

22
Common Scans

• Bone fractures, tumors, inflammation, bone
  growth
• Brain tumors, blood flow
• Liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, tumors, cysts,
  abscesses
• Lung blood clots, tumors
• Thyroid function, tumors

23
Radioimmunoassay

• Mix blood with radioactive substance to determine
  specific blood protein concentrations
• Find antibodies and antigens (titers)

24
Radiation Therapy

• Treatment of CA with external radiation
• Stereotactic focusing multiple beams at the
  same spot

25
Teletherapy vs Bradytherapy
Teletherapy radiation source is external
Bradytherapy radiation source is internal
26
Tomography

• Imaging method that produces tomes (cross
  sections) of body along any plane

27
CAT vs PET

• CAT 2D tomes are reconstructed to show 3D
  images of structure
• PET radiopharmecuticals are used to give 2D and
  3D images of function

28
Magnetic Resonance Imaging

• Media radio waves and a strong magnetic field
• Gives good image of soft tissues
• Cannot use if metal is implanted in body

29
Sonogram

• Media sound waves
• Gives image of deep structures
• Only imaging procedure safe for fetus

30
Thermogram

• Media infrared camera captures surface body
  heat
• Newer forms relate metabolic activity (function)
  to heat give off

31
Contract Medium

• Radio-opaque substance used to make hard-to-see
  structure show up on image
• Used in CAT scans and fluoroscopy

32
Radio-opaque vs Radiolucent
Radio-opaque - Block x-rays Shows up as light
color
Radiolucent Passes x-rays thru Shows up as
dark color
33
Fluoroscopy
Visualization of moving structures Used with
radio-opaque substances