History of Canada Notes

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History of Canada Notes

• Part One
• European Colonization

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The First Nations

• Native peoples of Canada came from Asia 12,000
  years ago.
• crossed Bering Land Bridge that joined Russia to
  Alaska
• 12 tribes made up the First Nations

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Inuit

• one of the First Nation tribes
• still live in Canada today
• 1999Canadas government gave the Inuit Nunavut
  Territory in northeast Canada

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The Europeans in Canada

• first explorers to settle Canada were Norse
  invaders from the Scandinavian Peninsula
• In 1000 CE, they built a town on the northeast
  coast of Canada established a trading
  relationship with the Inuit.
• The Norse deserted the settlement for unknown
  reasons.
• Europeans did not return to Canada until almost
  500 years later.

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A Viking Ship
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England Claims Newfoundland

• Italian explorer John Cabot, sailed to Canadas
  east coast in 1497
• Cabot claimed an area of land for England (his
  sponsor) named it Newfoundland

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John Cabot
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New France

• Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River
  in 1534.
• claimed the land for France
• French colonists named the area New France

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New France (Quebec)

• 1608--Samuel de Champlain built the first
  permanent French settlement in Quebec.
• population grew slowly
• Many people moved inland to trap animalshats
  made of beaver fur were in high demand in Europe.

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Samuel de Champlain
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New France (Quebec)

• European fur traders were joined by French
  farmers, merchants, and missionaries from the
  Catholic Church
• brought with them French laws, traditions,
  religion
• France wouldnt let anyone move to New France who
  was not Catholic.

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The British in Canada

• British colonized region south of New France
• saw New Frances success in fur trapping wanted
  to take control of the fur trade
• led to the French and Indian War in 1754

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French and Indian War (1754)

• Great Britain and Iroquois Indians versus France
  and Huron Indians
• Great Britain fought for control of Canadian
  territory the fur trade.
• conquered Quebec in 1754 and forced France to
  sign the Treaty of Paris in 1763

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Treaty of Paris (1763)

• gave British control of all lands east of the
  Mississippi River, except for two islands off of
  Newfoundland
• British forced Nova Scotias French-speaking
  people to leave
• Nova Scotias French went to another French
  colony, Louisianadescendants of these people are
  the Cajuns

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Quebec Act--1774

• British allowed French to stay in Quebec, but
  continued to control the region
• Quebec Act guaranteed the French the right to
  maintain their culture (language, religion,
  traditions)

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American Revolution

• 1776Americans gained independence from Great
  Britain
• This initiated a huge cultural change in Canada.
• Americans who did not believe in independence
  left America and moved to Quebec.
• These people were called Loyalists because they
  were loyal to Great Britain.
• resultQuebec began to have people who spoke
  English as well as French.

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Quebec Act (1774)

• Many Loyalists did not want to live among French
  speaking Canadians.
• Cultural difference between the English speakers
  French speakers sparked many conflicts.
• 1774The British government passed the Quebec Act.

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Quebec Acts Results

• gave French Canadians in Quebec the right to
  continue practicing the Catholic religion and
  allowed French civil law
• loyalists were irritated with the new political
  cultural power of the French
• could not own land or have representation in
  Quebecs government
• The differences among the two groups eventually
  led to a re-division of the country.

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Division of Canada

• Most English speaking citizens lived in Upper
  Canada (Ontario).
• Most French speaking citizens lived in Lower
  Canada (Quebec).

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Great Britains Solution

• divided the land into two colonies
• 1. Upper British Ontario
• 2. Lower French remained in Quebec
• War of 1812 French and British worked together
  against the US who tried to invade Canada

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After the War of 1812

• French Canadians and British Canadians hated
  British rule.
• They felt that Great Britain was too far away to
  understand their needs.
• So1837 Louis Papineau organized a revolt to
  establish Quebec as a separate country.
• result of revolt British easily defeated
  Papineau

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Road to Canadian Independence

• Britain sends Earl of Durham
• Canadians want
• 1. more control over government
• 2. all Provinces to unite
• The British only wanted Quebec and Ontario to
  unite. All provinces together could create a
  successful rebellion.

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British/North American Act

• July 1, 1867
• Results-
• Canada was still subject to British rule
• Canada had their own central government
• Now they could solve their own problems
• Happened without a war

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Canada A Nation

• People moved west to the plains region and
  established successful farms.
• 1886 Transcontinental Railroad
• 1896 found gold and minerals in Yukon Territory
• Canada was on its way to wealth and importance

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20th Century Problems

• 1931 Statue of Westminster gave Canada
  independence from Great Britain
• Canada became part of the British Commonwealth of
  Nations.
• WWII built factories for war supplies (clothes,
  shoes, etc.)
• Immigrants poured in from Asia, Africa, Europe,
  and the Caribbean.

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20th Century Problems

• Industrialization brought old conflicts
• 1. British wanted factories in Quebec, French
  didnt
• 2. 1976 French were tired of being part of
  Canada wanted independence
• 3. 1982 new constitution in response to
  French wanting a bilingual country two official
  languages French and English
• 4. Canadian government modeled after British
  parliament constitutional monarchy