Biosynthesis of Macromolecules

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Biosynthesis of Macromolecules

• Anabolism- use energy (ATP) from catabolism
• - use carbon from sugars, lipids, proteins, or
  any other carbon source (xenobiotics) to build
  cellular components

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Key Intermediates

• Located in the glycolytic pathway
• Ex. Glucose-6-phosphate, pyruvic acid, etc.
• Located in the TCA cycle
• Ex. Oxaloacetic acid, ketoglutaric acid

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Central Metabolic pathway

• Catabolism and anabolism are interconnected due
  to amphibolic pathways

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Lipid Biosynthesis

• Fatty acid biosynthesis- Acetyl-CoA---gtfatty acid
  (cell structure)
• Poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid- Acetyl-CoA---gt Poly.
  (storage)
• Phospholipid- Glycolytic intermediate---gt lipid (
  membrane)
• Sterols- eukaryotic cell membrane

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Amino Acid Biosynthesis

• Amination addition of an amine group (N
  containing) to a critical intermediate
• Transamination - new amino acids are made from
  the amine group from old amino acids

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Nucleotide Biosynthesis

• N molecule (amino acid), five carbon sugar,
  phosphate combine gtnucleotides (DNA, RNA)
• Five carbon sugar
• Pryrimidines- cytosine, thymine
• Purines- adenine, guanine

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Polysaccharide Biosynthesis

• Peptidoglycan- Glycolytic intermediates,
  nucleotides ---gtPEG
• Lipopolysaccharide- Glycolytic intermediates,
  other sugars ---gt LPS, teichoic acid, mycolic
  acid, glycogen, etc.

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Photosynthetic microbes

• Carbon dioxide fixation
• Inorganic CO2 is incorporated into the cellular
  structure (Calvin cycle)

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Metabolic diversity

• Different sources of carbon and energy exist for
  various microbes, plants, and animals.

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Metabolic diversity

• Four main groups of microbes
• 1.) chemoheterotrophs
• 2.) chemoautotrophs
• 3.) photoautotrophs
• 4.) photoheterophs

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Chemoheterotrophs

• Many medically important microbes are in this
  category (E. coli, B. anthrasis, etc.)
• Carbon source organic molecules (carbohydrates,
  proteins, lipids, xenobiotics)
• Energy sourceorganic molecules (carbohydrates,
  proteins, lipids, xenobiotics)

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Chemoautotroph

• Many soil microbes
• Source of carbon inorganic molecule (ex. CO2)
• Source of energy electrons from inorganic
  compounds (ex. S, H2S, NO2)

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Photoautotroph

• Photosynthesis (green sulfur bacteria, etc.)
• Source of carbon CO2
• Source of energy light

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Photoheterotroph

• photosynthesis (green nonsulfur bacteria, etc.)
• Source of carbon organic molecule ( ex. Fatty
  acids, alcohol, etc.)
• Source of energy light

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Summary of Anabolism

• Use ATP (energy) from catabolism for biosynthesis
• Build small molecules into larger molecules or
  cell structures (ex. Glucose, amino acids, fatty
  acidsgtlipid, PG)
• Diversity of metabolic systems (chemoheterotrophs,
  etc.)
• Cell division (binary fission)anabolism

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• Catabolism and anabolism are integrated
• (amphibolic pathways)