Part I: Atoms, elements and compounds

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Part I Atoms, elements and compounds
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• Matter

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring . They cannot be broken
  down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.
• Example

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.
• Example Oxygen

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.
• Example Oxygen
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
  properties of that element is an .

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.
• Example Oxygen
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
  properties of that element is an atom .

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• Matter the substance or substances of which any
  physical object is made
• All matter in the universe is made of 92
  naturally occurring elements . They cannot be
  broken down into simpler particles by chemical
  reactions. They are located on the periodic
  table.
• Example Oxygen
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
  properties of that element is an atom . A pure
  element is made of 1 type of atom.

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a .
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a .

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a .
  The first letter is always capitalized
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a
  symbol. The first letter is always capitalized
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a
  symbol. The first letter is always capitalized
• Example O or He

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a
  symbol. The first letter is always capitalized
• Example O or He
• An abbreviation for a compound is called a .
  This shows the number of atoms of each element
  found in one molecule.
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a
  symbol. The first letter is always capitalized
• Example O or He
• An abbreviation for a compound is called a
  formula. This shows the number of atoms of each
  element found in one molecule.
• Example

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• Two or more elements that are chemically combined
  in definite proportions form a compound .
• Example water
• The smallest particle of a compound that has the
  properties of that compound is a molecule .
• An abbreviation for an element is called a
  symbol. The first letter is always capitalized
• Example O or He
• An abbreviation for a compound is called a
  formula. This shows the number of atoms of each
  element found in one molecule.
• Example H2O

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Part II Structure of atoms

• Key Idea Each type of atom consists of three
  different subatomic particles in differing
  amounts.

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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1
Neutron
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None 1
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None 1 Nucleus
Electron
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None 1 Nucleus
Electron -
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None 1 Nucleus
Electron - 0
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Subatomic Particle Charge Mass Location
Proton 1 Nucleus
Neutron None 1 Nucleus
Electron - 0 Outside nucleus
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• Atomic number
• It also equals the number of
• because an atom has a neutral charge. The
  positive protons cancel out the negative
  electrons.

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• Atomic number the number of protons found in the
  nucleus
• It also equals the number of
• because an atom has a neutral charge. The
  positive protons cancel out the negative
  electrons.

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• Atomic number the number of protons found in the
  nucleus
• It also equals the number of electrons because
  an atom has a neutral charge. The positive
  protons cancel out the negative electrons.

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• Atomic number the number of protons found in the
  nucleus
• It also equals the number of electrons because
  an atom has a neutral charge. The positive
  protons cancel out the negative electrons.
• Atomic mass
• To determine the number of neutrons in an atom,
  you should subtract the from the atomic mass.

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• Atomic number the number of protons found in the
  nucleus
• It also equals the number of electrons because
  an atom has a neutral charge. The positive
  protons cancel out the negative electrons.
• Atomic mass the number of protons the number
  of neutrons
• To determine the number of neutrons in an atom,
  you should subtract the from the atomic mass.

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• Atomic number the number of protons found in the
  nucleus
• It also equals the number of electrons because
  an atom has a neutral charge. The positive
  protons cancel out the negative electrons.
• Atomic mass the number of protons the number
  of neutrons
• To determine the number of neutrons in an atom,
  you should subtract the of protons from the
  atomic mass.

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Part III Chemical bonding (makes compounds)

• Key Idea Atoms form bonds in order to fill their
  outer electron shell and become stable.

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Covalent Bonds

• Definition _____________________________
  ______________________________________
• Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their
  outer electron shell, or the ___________ shell
• The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
  depends on the number of electrons in its outer
  shell, or the number of ___________
  _________________.

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Covalent Bonds

• Definition 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt
  to fill the outer electron shell
• Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their
  outer electron shell, or the ___________ shell
• The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
  depends on the number of electrons in its outer
  shell, or the number of ___________
  _________________.

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Covalent Bonds

• Definition 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt
  to fill the outer electron shell
• Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their
  outer electron shell, or the valence shell
• The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
  depends on the number of electrons in its outer
  shell, or the number of ___________
  _________________.

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Covalent Bonds

• Definition 2 atoms share electrons in an attempt
  to fill the outer electron shell
• Atoms form covalent bonds to try to fill their
  outer electron shell, or the valence shell
• The number of covalent bonds an atom can form
  depends on the number of electrons in its outer
  shell, or the number of valence electrons.

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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell)
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell)
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell)
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen 7
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen 7 2
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen 7 2 5 (2nd Shell)
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen 7 2 5 (2nd Shell) 3
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Complete the Chart
Element Total of Electrons of Electrons in the First Shell of Electrons in the Valence Shell of Electrons Needed for a Full Valence Shell of Covalent bonds it can form
Hydrogen 1 1 1 (1st Shell) 1 1
Carbon 6 2 4 (2nd Shell) 4 4
Oxygen 8 2 6 (2nd Shell) 2 2
Nitrogen 7 2 5 (2nd Shell) 3 3
HONC 1 2 3 4 number of bonds each forms ?
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Examples

• Each line represents 1 bond
• Both molecules have each electron making correct
  number of bonds so each atom is stable and happy ?

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Polar Covalent Bond

• Definition
• Oxygen and nitrogen are electron hogs and often
  form polar covalent bonds with the atoms they are
  bound to. They tend to have a partial negative
  charge. The other atom in the bond has a partial
  positive charge.

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Polar Covalent Bond

• Definition a covalent bond where the atoms dont
  share the electrons equally. One atom in the
  bond holds the electron closer.
• Oxygen and nitrogen are electron hogs and often
  form polar covalent bonds with the atoms they are
  bound to. They tend to have a partial negative
  charge. The other atom in the bond has a partial
  positive charge.

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Examples
O
H
H
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Examples
O
H
H
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Examples
O
H
H
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Nonpolar covalent bond

• Definition

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Nonpolar covalent bond

• Definition the electrons shared by the adjacent
  atoms in the bonds are shared equally

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Nonpolar covalent bond

• Definition the electrons shared by the adjacent
  atoms in the bonds are shared equally
• Examples

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Nonpolar covalent bond

• Definition the electrons shared by the adjacent
  atoms in the bonds are shared equally
• Examples

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Ionic Bond

• Definition
• Ion-
• Can be positive ( electrons) or negative
• ( electrons)
• Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron
  to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip
  electrons away from another atom that wants to
  get rid of an electron so it can have a full
  valence shell.

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Ionic Bond

• Definition Bond (attraction) between a positive
  ion and a negative ion
• Ion-
• Can be positive ( electrons) or negative
• ( electrons)
• Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron
  to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip
  electrons away from another atom that wants to
  get rid of an electron so it can have a full
  valence shell.

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Ionic Bond

• Definition Bond (attraction) between a positive
  ion and a negative ion
• Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron
• Can be positive ( electrons) or negative
• ( electrons)
• Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron
  to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip
  electrons away from another atom that wants to
  get rid of an electron so it can have a full
  valence shell.

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Ionic Bond

• Definition Bond (attraction) between a positive
  ion and a negative ion
• Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron
• Can be positive (lost electrons) or negative
• ( electrons)
• Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron
  to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip
  electrons away from another atom that wants to
  get rid of an electron so it can have a full
  valence shell.

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Ionic Bond

• Definition Bond (attraction) between a positive
  ion and a negative ion
• Ion-atom that lost or gained an electron
• Can be positive (lost electrons) or negative
  (gained electrons)
• Occurs because one atom wants to gain an electron
  to fill its valence shell so bad it will rip
  electrons away from another atom that wants to
  get rid of an electron so it can have a full
  valence shell.

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Example
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Example
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Example
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Practice

• A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion?
• A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is
  it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative
  ion?
• A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion?

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Practice

• A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion? Negative ? extra e-
• A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is
  it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative
  ion?
• A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion?

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Practice

• A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion? Negative ? extra e-
• A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is
  it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative
  ion? Neutral ? () (-)
• A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion?

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Practice

• A fluorine atom has 9 protons and 10 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion? Negative ? extra e-
• A nitrogen atom has 7 protons and electrons. Is
  it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a negative
  ion? Neutral ? () (-)
• A calcium atom has 20 protons and 18 electrons.
  Is it a neutral atom, a positive ion or a
  negative ion? Positive ? 2 extra p

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Hydrogen Bond

• Definition

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Hydrogen Bond

• Definition attraction between 2 polar compounds
  partial positive hydrogen in one molecule is
  attracted to partially negative oxygen or
  nitrogen in another molecule

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Example