The American Civil War

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The American Civil War

• Part Two
• Soldiers, Battles, and a Divided Nations

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GPS SS8H6b

• We will state the importance of key events of the
  Civil War to include Antietam, Emancipation
  Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union
  blockade of Georgia's coast, Shermans Atlanta
  Campaign, Shermans March to the Sea, and
  Andersonville.

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How did the Union and the Confederacy Compare
with each other?
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Strengths of each side

• UNION
• Superior number of population, factories,
  manufacturing weapons, railroads, etc.
• Out produce in food crops
• Controlled 80 of bank money
• Organized military and technology

• CONFEDERACY
• Best Generals (Lee and Jackson)
• Soldiers more experienced with outdoors, guns,
  and horses
• Fighting to protect their homes
• Patriotic spirit and confidence

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Georgia in 1861

• a. Agriculture By 1860 there were 68,000 farms
  in GA.
• Produced 700,000 bales of cotton in 1860.
• Only 3,500 farms (5) were of 500 acres or
  more.
• b. Slavery 460,000 slaves (4 million in South
  total)
• Only 236 Georgians owned more than 100
  slaves and 60 percent had no slaves at all.
• Over half of the wealth of Georgia (400
  million) was in the value of slaves as property
• c. Railroads 1,226 miles of railroads
• Main lines were Savannah to Macon to
  Atlanta Montgomery, AL to Atlanta to Augusta
  Chattanooga to Atlanta
• 1840s Atlanta first called Terminus (end of
  line Chattanooga to Chattahoochee River)

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Confederate Railroads
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Map Search

• 1-Battle of Antietam 2-Battle of Gettysburg
  3-Battle of Chickamauga 4-Atlanta Campaign
  5-Andersonville 6-Shermans March to the Sea
  7-Battle of Shiloh
• 8-Seige of Vicksburg 9-Battle of
  Chancellorsville
• 10-Richmond (Capital of Confederacy)
• 11-Washington D.C. (Capital of Union)
• 12-Milledgville (Capital of Georgia)
• ------Union Blockade of the South
• Major Railroads of Georgia

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Military Objectives in 1861

• UNION
• Preserve the Union
• Anaconda Plan
• a. Divide the Confederacy in two via the
  Mississippi River
• b. Capture Richmond
• c. Capture important transportation centers
  (Atlanta) and ports
• d. Union Blockade
• (nothing coming in or out)

• CONFEDERACY
• 1. Maintain Independence!!!
• 2. Offensive Defense
• 3. Cotton Diplomacy
• Hope European powers will
• a. Break the Northern blockade
• b. Join the side of the South against the
  North
• 4. Test Northern public opinions will to fight

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Daily Lives of Civilians and Soldiers during the
Civil War (SS8H6b)1. How were the daily lives
of Southerners affected by the Union Blockade?
They couldnt import sugar and coffee. Cotton and
tobacco couldnt be shipped out. Limited amount
of meat. Do to limited supply of food prices
rose dramatically ex. Salt used to be one cent a
pound before war now it is fifty cents, flour 200
dollars a barrel also shoes were a hundred
dollars a pair. People resorted to using curtains
and carpets to make clothes used animal skins for
shoesLimited med supply confederate soldiers had
to do without guns and uniforms people had very
little wood or coal to heat their homes2.
Nickname for a Union soldier was Billy Yank, and
the nickname for a Confederate soldier was Johnny
Rebel.3. What were the average daily rations
for a Union soldier?20 oz. of beef, 18 of flour,
2.5 of dried beans, 1.6 of coffee, 2.4 of
sugar,.64 of saltWhat rations for a Confederate
soldier? And why who they have very little?
1.4lbs of bacon 18oz. of flour 10lbs of rice
small amount of dried beans and fruit4. The
color of the Union uniforms was blue and the
typical Confederate soldier wore grey colored
uniforms.5. What items would a Civil War carry
in their knapsacks and belts?Paper to write
letters home, pictures, book, utensils and a cup,
sewing kitCap box, rolled up blanket 6. What
types of activities would Civil War soldiers
engage in when not in battle?Play jokes on each
other, write letters, read letters, play games
such as chess, checkers, gambling, wood carving,
prayer and camp meetings
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The Emancipation Proclamation

• Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862
• Battle of Antietam was the victory Lincoln needed
  to make the proclamation public
• Changed the focus of the war from just
  preserving the Union to
• Freeing men from slavery!!!
• Freed slaves only in areas that were in
  rebellion against United States

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Lincolns reasons for the Emancipation
Proclamation

• Military
• Incentive to stop rebellion
• Use freedmen as soldiers
• Demoralize Confederate leaders and soldiers
• Diplomatically
• Convince Great Britain and France from joining on
  side of Confederacy (or)
• Recognizing southern independence

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Lincolns reasons for the Emancipation
Proclamation

• Morally
• 1. Bring the nation in line with the
  principle in the Declaration of Independence that
  all men are created equal
• 2. Raised the perception of war from
  political to moral not just preserving the
  Union BUT making men free!!
• 3. Speed up the inevitableslavery will end
  someday, so why not NOW!!
• 4. Lincolns own personal convictions

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What did it say?

• That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all
  persons held as slaves within any State or
  designated part of a State the people whereof
  shall then be in rebellion against the United
  States shall then, thenceforward, and forever
  free. . .
• Or in todays language if you are still fighting
  against the United Sates, you lose your slaves!!!!

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1. Slaves would be freed in the
states of Arkansas, Texas, Mississippi,
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and
North Carolina2. Slaves will only be freed in
certain part of the states of Louisiana (southern
part and New Orleans) and Virginia (western
Virginia and by Norfolk)3. Slavery will remain
in the border states of Missouri, Kentucky,
Maryland, Delaware, and Tennessee
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African-American Soldiers1. How many
African-Americans fought in the Civil War?2.
What did the 54th Massachusetts felt they had to
prove during the war?3. What famous battle did
they prove themselves as soldiers?4. Which black
soldier won the Congressional Medal of Honor?5.
What was the most honored position within an army
unit during the Civil War?(Information was from
Georgia Stories Video Series)
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Animated maps of the Battle of Chickamauga
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Civil War in Georgia 1863

• Battle of Chickamauga (September 19-20)
• Union western forces planned to secure important
  railroad center of Chattanooga, TN. To do so,
  move to defeat Confederates at Chickamauga Creek
  in northern Georgia.
• Confederates, lead by General Braxton Bragg,
  defeats Union army.
• Retreat back to Chattanooga and Confederates trap
  them.
• Bragg, however, fails to follow up and attack.
  Another victory would have turned the war in the
  favor of the South (lost at Gettysburg and
  Vicksburg two months before)
• General U.S. Grant takes over for Union, and
  defeats Braggs army in November 1863.
• Chickamauga seen as The Last hurrah of the
  South!

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Civil War In Georgia 1864
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Atlanta Campaign (May to September 1864)
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Three Contest in 1864 which will decide the
War1 Battles in Virginia

• Robert E. Lee (General of the Army of Northern
  Virginia)

• U.S. Grant (Lt. General of the Army of the
  Potomac)

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Three Contests in 1864 which will decide the
War2 Battles in Georgia

• General William T. Sherman
• (112, 000 soldiers)

• General Joseph E. Johnston
• (60,000 soldiers)

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Three Contest in 1864 which will decide the
War3 Election of 1864

• General George B. McClellan
• (Northern Democrats or
• Copperheads who opposed the won)
• Fired by Lincoln twice

• Abraham Lincoln (Republican Party)
• Running for re-election
• Emancipation Proclamation

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In Spring of 1864, Grants and Shermans armies
move to defeat the southern armies.Grants
objective was to defeat Robert E. Lee and capture
RichmondShermans objective was to defeat
Johnstons army in Georgia and capture the
industrial and railroad center of Atlanta.
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Abraham Lincoln was running for re-election and
needed one of the two southern armies defeated,
and Richmond or Atlanta captured.Why?Ex-Genera
l George McClellan and Copperheads were feeding
off the Northern citizens who were becoming tried
of the war!!(Too many killed Is the Union worth
it?)
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By July 1864the fate of the Union looked bad!!

• WHY??
• Lee and Grant fought to a tie, and both armies
  entrenched around St. Petersburg and Richmond, VA
• Northern public perceived Grant as a butcher by
  sacrificing too many soldiers
• Robert E. Lee is unstoppable and cannot be
  defeated!!

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• In Georgia, Shermans and Johnstons armies fight
  to a stalemate outside of Atlanta.
• Although outnumbered and out gunned,
• a. Johnston plays a defensive campaign and
  refuses to attack
• b. Forces Sherman to attack and lose men
  (such as, Kennesaw Mountain where 3,000 died or
  wounded)
• c. Burns bridges and blocks roads to slow
  Shermans advance towards Atlanta

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• As a result, the Northern public perceives
  Lincolns war strategies as a failure
• The cities of Atlanta and Richmond can never be
  captured
• The war is going NO WHERE!!
• Copperheads and Democrats promise an end to the
  war, allow the Confederacy their independence,
  and void the Emancipation Proclamation if
  McClellan is elected as President to replace
  Lincoln!!!

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• So all the Confederacy has to do is to hold onto
  their positions and maintain the stalemates
  outside of Atlanta and Richmond until Novembers
  1864 Presidential election.
• BUTdid that happen?
• NO!! Someone changed all that!!

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• Ironically, the Confederacys own President,
  Jefferson Davis fires Johnston as commander of
  the southern troops in Georgia
• Why?
• Wanted a General who attacked
• Personality conflict with Johnston

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Now What?

• John Bell Hood, new commander of southern army in
  GA, leads series of foolish and overconfident
  attack on Shermans in July and August 1864.
• Over 12,000 irreplaceable troops are lost, and
  eventually had to leave Atlanta on September
  1st!!
• The Consequences
• Lincoln gets his victory and is re-elected (The
  war will go on.)
• South loses an important transportation and
  industrial center (Cannot supply Lees troops in
  Virginia)
• Opens the door for Sherman to wage Total War in
  Georgia

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Georgia Stories Battle of Jonesboro
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Shermans March to the Sea A Tragic Example of
Total War

• In November 15, 1864, General Sherman started out
  to capture Savannah, GA.
• He also wanted to wage total war on the South
  (military and civilians). Why?
• a. Break down what economic and
  transportation resources the South still had.
• b. Punish the South for leaving the Union
• c. Break the spirit of its people and bring
  war to a quick end.
• Breaking off all communication with Washington,
  Sherman lead 65,000 Union troops on a path of
  destruction on innocent citizens
• For five weeks, Shermans army burnt farms,
  plantation homes, and confiscated most food
  supplies.

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Describe this picture. Who is involved? And
what are they doing?
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His troops left Sherman sentinelswhich were
burnt homes with only the chimneys standing
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They also left Sherman neckties which were
rails torn up, heated and then wrapped around
trees
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• Oh God, the time of trial has come!
• Personal Account of Shermans March
• Dolly Sumner Lunt was born in Maine in 1817. She
  moved to Georgia as a young woman to join her
  married sister. She became a school teacher in
  Covington, Ga. where she met and married Thomas
  Burge, a plantation owner. When her husband died
  in 1858, Dolly was left alone to manage the
  plantation and its slaves. Dolly kept a diary of
  her experiences and we join her story as
  Sherman's army approaches her home
• November 19, 1864
• Slept in my clothes last night, as I heard that
  the Yankees went to neighbor Montgomery's on
  Thursday night at one o'clock, searched his
  house, drank his wine, and took his money and
  valuables. As we were not disturbed, I walked
  after breakfast, with Sadai the narrator's
  9-year-old daughter, up to Mr. Joe Perry's, my
  nearest neighbor, where the Yankees were
  yesterday.

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Saw Mrs. Laura Perry in the road surrounded by
her children, seeming to be looking for some one.
She said she was looking for her husband, that
old Mrs. Perry had just sent her word that the
Yankees went to James Perry's the night before,
plundered his house, and drove off all his stock,
and that she must drive hers into the old fields.
Before we were done talking, up came Joe and Jim
Perry from their hiding-place. Jim was very much
excited. Happening to turn and look behind, as we
stood there, I saw some blue-coats coming down
the hill. Jim immediately raised his gun,
swearing he would kill them anyhow.'No, don't!'
said I, and ran home as fast as I could, with
Sadai.I could hear them cry, 'Halt! Halt!' and
their guns went off in quick succession. Oh God,
the time of trial has come!A man passed on his
way to Covington. I halloed to him, asking him if
he did not know the Yankees were coming.'No -
are they?''Yes,' said I 'they are not three
hundred yards from here.' 'Sure enough,' said
he. 'Well, I'll not go. I don't want them to get
my horse.' And although within hearing of their
guns, he would stop and look for them. Blissful
ignorance! Not knowing, not hearing, he has not
suffered the suspense, the fear, that I have for
the past forty-eight hours. I walked to the gate.
There they came filing up.I hastened back to my
frightened servants and told them that they had
better hide, and then went back to the gate to
claim protection and a guard. But like demons
they rush in! My yards are full.
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To my smoke-house, my dairy, pantry, kitchen, and
cellar, like famished wolves they come, breaking
locks and whatever is in their way. The thousand
pounds of meat in my smoke-house is gone in a
twinkling, my flour, my meat, my lard, butter,
eggs, pickles of various kinds - both in vinegar
and brine - wine, jars, and jugs are all gone. My
eighteen fat turkeys, my hens, chickens, and
fowls, my young pigs, are shot down in my yard
and hunted as if they were rebels themselves.
Utterly powerless I ran out and appealed to the
guard. 'I cannot help you, Madam it is
orders.'...Alas! little did I think while trying
to save my house from plunder and fire that they
were forcing my boys slaves from home at the
point of the bayonet. One, Newton, jumped into
bed in his cabin, and declared himself sick.
Another crawled under the floor, - a lame boy he
was, - but they pulled him out, placed him on a
horse, and drove him off. Mid, poor Mid! The last
I saw of him, a man had him going around the
garden, looking, as I thought, for my sheep, as
he was my shepherd. Jack came crying to me, the
big tears coursing down his cheeks, saying they
were making him go. I said 'Stay in my room.'
But a man followed in, cursing him and
threatening to shoot him if he did not go so
poor Jack had to yield....
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Sherman himself and a greater portion of his army
passed my house that day. All day, as the sad
moments rolled on, were they passing not only in
front of my house, but from behind they tore
down my garden palings, made a road through my
back-yard and lot field, driving their stock and
riding through, tearing down my fences and
desolating my home - wantonly doing it when there
was no necessity for it....As night drew its
sable curtains around us, the heavens from every
point were lit up with flames from burning
buildings. Dinnerless and supperless as we were,
it was nothing in comparison with the fear of
being driven out homeless to the dreary woods.
Nothing to eat! I could give my guard no supper,
so he left us.My Heavenly Father alone saved me
from the destructive fire. My carriage-house had
in it eight bales of cotton, with my carriage,
buggy, and harness. On top of the cotton were
some carded cotton rolls, a hundred pounds or
more. These were thrown out of the blanket in
which they were, and a large twist of the rolls
taken and set on fire, and thrown into the boat
of my carriage, which was close up to the cotton
bales. Thanks to my God, the cotton only burned
over, and then went out. Shall I ever forget the
deliverance?November 20, 1864.About ten o'clock
they had all passed save one, who came in and
wanted coffee made, which was done, and he, too,
went on. A few minutes elapsed, and two couriers
riding rapidly passed back. Then, presently, more
soldiers came by, and this ended the passing of
Sherman's army by my place, leaving me poorer by
thirty thousand dollars than I was yesterday
morning. And a much stronger Rebel!"
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AndersonvilleHow many soldiers were imprisoned
at Andersonville prison?What did prisoners used
for shelters?What were the men called who stole
from other prisoners?What did the small stream
in the middle of Andersonville prison double
as?5. How many men died at Andersonville?(Info
rmation from Georgia Stories Video Series)