Cold War

1
Cold War Recovery

• 1945-1968

2
Roots of Cold War

• Yalta Conference, 1945
• Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in
  E. Europe (but later reneged)
• Germany would be divided into four zones
  controlled by U.S., France, Britain and USSR
• Potsdam Conference, 1945
• Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe
  but Stalin refused
• Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and
  USSR for protection against future war

3
Roots of Cold War

• U.S. point of view
• Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of
  influence in Eastern Europe
• Churchill's "Iron Curtain" speech in 1946 alerted
  Americans to a future conflict
• U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the world
  with a strong international organization to
  maintain global peace

4
(No Transcript)
5
Roots of Cold War

• Soviet point of view
• Democracies traditionally hostile towards
  communism and the USSR
• US Britain did not open western front in Europe
  early enough millions of Soviet soldiers were
  dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone
  until mid-1944.
• The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic
  bomb project.
• US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945
  but gave Britain aid until 1946.
• Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western
  border esp. in Poland

6
Partition of Germany

• USSR, U.S., Britain France would each occupy a
  part of Germany but would allow for German
  reunification once she was no longer a threat.
• Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR in
  form of agricultural and industrial goods.
• Soviets dominated their Eastern German zone
• Did not want revitalized Germany that could once
  again pose a threat.
• Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources.

7
"Containment"

• By 1947, Truman pledged to prevent further spread
  of communism
• Truman Doctrine, 1947 U.S. gave aid to Greece
  and Turkey to defeat communist forces there.

President Harry Truman
8
Marshall Plan

• 1947 Massive aid package to help war-torn Europe
  recover from the war
• Purpose prevent communism from spreading into
  economically devastated regions
• Result Western and Central Europe recovered
  economically -- the "economic miracle"
• Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in
  eastern Europe

http//www.historicaldocuments.com/MarshallPlanPho
to.jpg
9
(No Transcript)
10
(No Transcript)
11
Partition of Germany

• U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy vital
  to recovery of Europe
• 1948, West Germany became an independent country
  when US, France and Britain united their zones
• West Germany had its own currency, which Western
  powers thought would help trade.
• Stalin responded by cutting off all rail and road
  links to West Berlin -- known as the Berlin
  Blockade.
• West saw this as an attempt to starve Berlin into
  surrender, so they decided to support West Berlin
  by air.
• The Berlin Blockade lasted 318 days. During this
  time, 275,000 planes transported 1.5 million tons
  of supplies and a plane landed every three
  minutes at Berlins airport.
• Stalin abandoned the blockade in May 1949.

12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
More Containment

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed
  in 1949
• Collective security organization consisting of
  democracies in Europe, U.S. Canada to prevent
  against Soviet expansion in Europe.
• Radio Free Europe Voice of America set up to
  send pro-democracy messages to countries behind
  the "iron curtain"

15
Eastern Bloc

• Countries in Eastern Europe dominated by Soviet
  Union after WWII
• Included Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East
  Germany, Rumania, Bulgaria
• Communist parties of eastern Europe established
  one-party states by 1948, with help of Red Army
  and KGB (Soviet secret police)
• Only Yugoslavia, led by Marshal Tito, is not
  dominated by Soviets
• Postwar economic recovery in eastern Europe
  proceeded along Soviet lines.
• Changes went forward at slow uneven pace came
  to almost a halt by the mid-1960s.
• Five-year plans in USSR reintroduced to tackle
  massive economic reconstruction

16
Korean War
17
Korean War 1950-1953

• After WWII, Korea divided at 38th parallel North
  was communist, South was not
• Cause 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea
  (supported by Soviet resources)
• UN (led by US Gen. Douglas MacArthur) sent
  forces to push back communists
• China sent thousands of troops to push back UN
• Result cease-fire and border at 38th parallel
  restored still in existence today

http//www.awm.gov.au/korea/maps/images/establishi
ng.gif
18
USSR under Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)
19
Khrushchev

• Power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953
  Khrushchev emerged a few years later
• Stalins heirs realized reforms were needed.
• Fear and hatred of Stalins political terror
  resulted in reduction of power of secret police
  and gradual closure of forced labor camps.

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev http//news.bbc.co
.uk/olmedia/165000/images/_168403_kruschev_150.jpg
20
Hungarian Uprising 1956

• Students and workers in Budapest installed a
  Communist reformer as new chief in October 1956.
• Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations
  demanding non-communist parties be legalized
  turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout
  the country.
• Hoped U.S. would come in and help achieve
  Hungarian independence

21
Hungarian Uprising 1956

• Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading
  Hungary and crushing the national democratic
  revolution.
• After Hungarian invasion, most eastern Europeans
  hoped for small domestic reforms while obediently
  following USSR in foreign affairs.

22
Hydrogen Bomb

• Developed by US in 1952 USSR in 1953 world now
  has two superpowers

23
Space Race

• (Part of Cold War competition to achieve
  technological superiority)
• 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, an orbiting
  satellite using long-range rockets
• US fearful Soviets could now launch a nuclear
  missile into space and then down to U.S.
• Resulted in development of ICBMs
  (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles)

24
Space Race

• U.S. countered with creation of NASA and vastly
  increased educational funding for science.
• 1961, Soviets sent worlds first cosmonaut, Yuri
  Gagarin, into orbit.
• President John F. Kennedy responded by increasing
  funds for space.
• 1969, Apollo Program put first man on the moon 4
  more moon landings followed by 1972.

25
U-2 Incident

• U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR
• Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower
  Eisenhower refused

26
Cold War in 1960s
27
Berlin Wall Built in 1961

• 2 million East Germans escaped to West Berlin
  between 1949-1961 Soviets frustrated
• Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy USSR
  would sign peace treaty with East Germany who
  would then control access to Berlin Soviets
  would protect East Germanys right to control
  flow into Berlin.
• Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum
  to U.S. ended future crises over Berlin

28
Berlin Wall
29
Cuba

• Became a communist country in 1959 under
  leadership of Fidel Castro
• Cuba became an ally of the Soviet Union
• Bay of Pigs Invasion, 1961 U.S.-trained Cuban
  exiles tried unsuccessfully to invade Cuba

30
Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1962 U.S. demanded Soviets remove their newly
  installed nuclear missiles from Cuba.
• Crisis became the closest USSR and US came to
  nuclear war
• U.S. placed blockade (naval quarantine) on any
  further missiles into Cuba
• Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles in return
  for U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey and
  vowing not to invade Cuba in the future.
• Crisis weakened Khrushchev and contributed to his
  downfall in 1964

31
Cuban Missile Crisis
http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/
mwh/ir2/whowonthecubanmissilecrisisrev3.shtml
32
Cuban Missile Crisis
33
Cuban Missile Crisis
http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/
mwh/ir2/causesofthecubacrisisrev2.shtml
34
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963

• Khrushchev, Kennedy Britain signed historic
  treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt
  to reduce Cold War tensions
• France refused to sign (was in the process of
  developing own nuclear weapons program)
• China became a nuclear power in 1964 leading to
  its estrangement with Soviet Union

35
Leonid Brezhnev

• Became new General Secretary (1964-1982)
• Beginning in 1964, USSR began a period of
  stagnation and limited re-Stalinization
• Massive arms buildup started in response to
  humiliation of Cuban Missile Crisis.

• USSR avoided direct confrontation with the U.S.
  and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence
  than Khrushchev had been.

36
Vietnam War (1964-1973)

• U.S. fought unsuccessful war in Southeast Asia to
  prevent communism from spreading into South
  Vietnam.
• Domino Theory U.S. believed if Vietnam fell
  to communism, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand would
  also fall (perhaps even India) (1964-1973)

http//www.vietnamwar.com/vnmap.jpg
37
Czechoslovakia

• Due to Khrushchevs reforms in USSR, 1960s
  brought modest liberalization and more consumer
  goods to eastern Europe
• 1968, reform elements in Czechoslovak Communist
  party gained a majority and voted out long-time
  Stalinist leader.
• Prague Spring of 1968 -- Czech reformers
  building socialism with a human face frightened
  hard-line communists.
• Soviet troops brutally invaded Czechoslovakia in
  August 1968.
• Czechoslovakia became one of most hard-line
  communist regimes well into 1980s.
• Brezhnev Doctrine Soviet Union and its allies
  had right to intervene in any socialist country
  whenever they saw the need 

38
Prague Spring
39
Mikhail Gorbachev

• Soviet leader credited with helping end the Cold
  War.
• Strove for significant reforms so that system
  would be more efficient and democratic.
• Two key phrases "glasnost" (openness) and
  "perestroika" (reform).
• Hoping to shift resources to consumer goods,
  Gorbachev argued in favor of ending the arms race
  with the West.

http//lasalle-academy.org/gorbachev1.jpg
40
Gorbachev

• Reforms moved too slowly for radicals and too
  quickly for conservative party members.
• Faced increasing pressure from West. President
  Reagan in Berlin (1987) Mr. Gorbachev Tear
  down this wall!
• August 1991 hard-liners had enough. Gorbachev
  could not maintain political initiatives and lost
  power to the president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin.

http//www.state.gov/cms_images/5gorbachev_reagan1
_600.jpg
41
Fall of Berlin Wall
http//www.freedomagenda.com/images/1989-11-09_Peo
ple_freed_from_communist_East_Germany_for_first_ti
me_in_40_years_as_the_Berlin_Wall_is_torn_down_Nov
ember_11_1989.jpg

• The Berlin Wall was torn down in November 1989, a
  signal of the fall of the Soviet Union and the
  end of the Cold War

42
Acknowledgements
This PowerPoint presentation was adapted from the
free download of Cold War and Recovery
presentation found at this link
http//worldhistory.pppst.com/coldwar.html.