Chapter 4 Ecosystems

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Chapter 4Ecosystems Communities

• Section 4-2
• What Shapes an Ecosystem?

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Biotic Factors

• Biological influences on organisms in an
  ecosystem
• Includes all living organisms that impact an
  organisms life

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Abiotic Factors

• Physical, Non-Living Factors that shape an
  ecosystem.
• Climate (Precipitation Temperature)
• Nutrients
• Soil
• Sunlight

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Biotic Abiotic Factors

• Key Concept
• Together, biotic and abiotic factors determine
  the survival and growth of an organism and the
  productivity of the ecosystem.
• Habitat
• Area Where An Organism Lives

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Habitat Home
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Habitat Home
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Habitat Home
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Habitat Home
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Niche

• The full range of physical and biological
  conditions in which an organism lives AND the way
  in which the organism uses those conditions.
• Determined by the biotic abiotic factors of the
  ecosystem

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Niche

• No two species can occupy the same
• niche in the same habitat.

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Community Interactions

• Key Concept
• Community Interactions, Such As Competition,
  Predation, and Various Forms of Symbiosis, Can
  Powerfully Affect An Ecosystem

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Competition

• Resource
• Any Necessity of Life
• Water
• Nutrients
• Light
• Food
• Space

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Competition

• Occurs When Different species attempt to use the
  same resource at the same place time.

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Competitive Exclusion Principle

• No Two Species Can Occupy The Same Niche In the
  Same Habitat At The Same Time.

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Predation

• One organism captures and feeds on another
  organism.
• Predator Killer/Eater
• Prey The Eaten One

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Predation
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Symbiosis

• Refers To Two or more species living closely
  together. Three Different Types
• Commensalism
• Parasitism
• Mutualism

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Mutualism

• Both species benefit.

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Commensalism

• One benefits, the other is neither helped, nor
  harmed.

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Parasitism

• One organism lives on or in another organism and
  harms it.

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Ecological Succession

• Key Concept
• Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to
  natural human disturbances.
• As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants
  gradually die out and new organisms move in,
  causing further changes in the community.

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Ecological Succession

• Primary Succession
• Pioneer Species are the first species to
  colonize. On rock, usually lichens
• Pioneer Species build soil.
• Secondary Succession
• Follows Pioneer Species Usually Plants

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Lichens

• Mutualistic Relationship Between Fungus Algae
  or Cyanobacterium

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Ecological Succession

• Climax Community
• Mature, Stable Communities That Change Very
  Slowly.

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Ecological Succession

• In Marine Communities
• Whale Carcass
• Stage 1 Attracts scavengers decomposers
• Stage 2 Attracts Fewer, Smaller species. Area is
  fertilized
• Stage 3 Heterotrophic bacteria chemosynthetic
  autotrophs