Circulation and

1
Chapter 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange
2
O2 and CO2 must dissolve in water before they
can pass through a membrane so all respiratory
membranes must be kept moist Diffusion is a
slow process 1 sec over 1 um but 1000 seconds
(over 16 minutes) over 1 mm
3
Open circulatory system- hemolymph-
sinuses-arthropods respiratory pigment hemocyanin
is not contain in cells and is very diffuse in
the hemolymph
4
Reptilian heart has a partial septum in the
ventricle
5
(No Transcript)
6
Aortic
Pulmonary
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9

• Bundle of His
• Purkinje fibers

10

• Diastole- atria contract and ventricles relax and
  fill with blood, blood washes back in the
  arteries and closes the semilunar valves and
  produces the lower diastolic pressure
• Systole- ventricles contract forcing blood into
  arteries and a pulse and higher pressure called
  systolic pressure and slapping the
  atrioventricular valves shut
• Heart murmur- a defect in a valve that allows
  backflow
• mitral valve prolaspe

11
(No Transcript)
12
(No Transcript)
13
(No Transcript)
14
(No Transcript)
15
(No Transcript)
16
(No Transcript)
17

• Slide 32
• Comparison of vein and artery

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24

• Muscular constriction of arterioles and
  precapillary sphincters controls the flow of
  blood through capillaries

Figure 23.11
Precapillary sphincters

• Thoroughfarechannel

• Thoroughfarechannel

25
(No Transcript)
26
Arteriole end of a capillary
Venous end of a capillary
27
(No Transcript)
28
(No Transcript)
29
(No Transcript)
30

• Slide 31

31

• Slide 28

32
to cells that have tissue factor
-gtthromboplastin
33

• Slide 29
• Blood clot
• Crenated red blood cell

34
(No Transcript)
35

• 4-6 liters of whole blood in average adult 45
  is cellular elements
• Ischemia-insufficient blood flow to portion of
  the heart that can result in angina pectoralis
  and death of a section of heart tissue
• Stroke-death of nervous tissue in the brain due
  to blockage of arteries
• Thrombus-stationary clot embolus-moving clot
• Pulmonary embolism-most common place
• Atherosclerosis-fatty plaques attach to the
  artery walls
• Arteriosclerosis-plaques become hardened by
  calcium
• Aneurism-an enlarged weakened area of an artery
• Stenosis-the partial blockage of an artery

36
Normal stenosis with Plaque
37

• Lymph is returned to the circulatory system
  through the subclavian veins using pressure
  changes in the thoracic cavity to pull the lymph
  into the blood stream.

38
(No Transcript)
39
edema-swelling caused by excess fluid loss from
the capillaries can be caused by hypertension or
capillary damage pulmonary embolism-most common
place for an embolism to lodge
40
(No Transcript)
41
(No Transcript)
42

• O2 does not dissolve in water very well
• Water has lower concentrations of O2 and it is
  also more dense thus fish must use more energy
  in respiration but they do not have a problem
  with their respiratory membranes remaining moist
  so they can have more surface area.

43
(No Transcript)
44
Counter-current exchange
45

• membranes around the lungs and lining the
  thoracic cavity are the
• pleural membranes an infection is called
  pleurisy
• an infection of the larynx is called laryngitis

46
(No Transcript)
47
Slide 182 Nasal Septum Capillaries
under the mucosa layer Mucus membranes moisten
and warm the air
48

• Slide 185
• Trachea

49

• Slide 186
• Trachea epithelial lining

50

• Slide 189
• Lung Bronchiole

51
(No Transcript)
52
(No Transcript)
53

• Slide 191
• Lung Alveoli

54

• Slide 193
• Alveolar Macrophages

55

• Slide 194
• Lung Interalveolar Septum
• Interalveolar septum
• Type II cell secretes surfactant
• Note thickness of cells between the air and the
  blood vessel
• Air spaces
• inside alveoli

56
(No Transcript)
57
(No Transcript)
58
The vagus nerve is a cranial nerve that has
fibers connecting to both the diaphragm and the
sinoatrial node to either slow or speed up
both breathing and heart rate
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
CO2 transport 7 in solution in blood plasma 23
binds to amino groups of hemoglobin 70
transported in the blood in the form of
bicarbonate ions and H
62
Diving mammals can stay submerged so long because
they have a higher blood volume have more
hemoglobin and more erythrocytes/ml. of blood
have more myoglobin in their muscle tissues
only circulate blood to essential tissues
during dives