Circulation

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Circulation Respiration Chapter 42
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Circulatory systems

• 2 types
• Open circulatory system
• Mollusks arthropods
• No distinction between blood lymph
• Flow through a network of vessels
• Hemolymph
• Circulating fluid

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Circulatory systems

• Closed circulatory system
• Vertebrates
• Blood
• Enclosed in blood vessels heart
• Lymph
• Lymph system
• Interstitial fluid

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CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
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Functions

• 1. Transportation
• Substances needed for cellular respiration
• A. Respiratory
• CO2 and O2
• B. Nutritive
• glucose
• C. Excretory
• Metabolic wastes, ions, water

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Functions

• 2. Regulation
• Hormones
• Temperature regulation (Endotherms)
• Vessels constrict cold
• Vessels dilate hot
• 3. Protection
• Clotting
• Proteins, platelets
• Immune defense
• WBC, AB

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Components of the system

• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Blood

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Heart

• Fish 2 chambered
• Amphibians/some reptiles
• 3 chambered
• Cutaneous circulation
• Oxygen diffuses in from environment
• Birds/mammals 4 chambered
• Separation of systemic pulmonary blood systems

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Circulation
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Heart

• Systemic circulation
• Blood flow in the body
• Pulmonary circulation
• Blood flow between the heart lungs

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Circulation
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Heart structure

• Atrium
• Small chambers
• Receive blood
• Ventricles
• Larger chambers
• Pump blood from heart
• Septum
• Separates chambers

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Septum
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Heart structure

• Valves
• Atrioventricular valves (AV)
• Between the atrium and ventricles
• Tricuspid is on the right
• Bicuspid or Mitral is on the left
• Semilumar valves
• Exits from the ventricles
• Aortic valve (L ventricle)
• Pulmonary valve (R ventricle)

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Valves
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Heart structure

• Heart sounds
• lub-dub -valves closing
• lub closing of the AV valves
• dub closing of the semilunar valves
• Murmur
• Abnormal heart sound
• Harsh sound of blood flowing over valve

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Heart structure

• Superior inferior vena cava
• Brings blood to heart from body
• Pulmonary arteries
• Blood from right side of heart to lungs
• Pulmonary veins
• Returns blood from lungs to heart
• Aorta
• Blood goes from the heart to body

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Circulation
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Blood flow
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Blood flow

• Vena cava
• Right atrium
• Tricuspid valve (AV)
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary valve (semilunar)
• Pulmonary artery
• Lungs

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Blood flow

• Pulmonary veins
• Left atrium
• Mitral valve (AV)
• Left ventricle
• Aortic valve (semilunar)
• Aorta

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Blood flow
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Blood flow

• Cardiac cycle
• One cycle of heart filling emptying
• Diastole
• Heart resting
• Heart filling with blood
• AV valves open
• Semilunar valves closed

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Diastole
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Blood flow

• Systole
• Ventricles contracting
• Pumping blood out of the heart
• AV valves closed
• Semilunar valves open

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Systole
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Blood pressure

• Measurement of pressure of blood in the arteries
• Systolic measures ventricular contraction
• Diastolic measures ventricular resting
• Sphygmomanometer or BP cuff
• Brachial artery
• 120/80 normal

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Blood pressure
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Cardiac output

• Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into
  systemic circuit per minute
• 5 liters per minute
• Depends on heart rate
• Stroke volume
• Amount of pumped out per contraction (70 ml)

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Cardiac output

• Increases with exercise
• Increased HR
• Better stroke volume

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Blood pressure

• Cardiac output
• Flow resistance in the arteries
• Affect BP
• More constriction higher BP
• More dilation lower BP
• Baroreceptors
• Aorta carotids
• Medulla oblongata

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Blood pressure

• Depends on blood volume
• Decreased volume
• Decreased cardiac output
• Decreased BP

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Heart structure

• Coronary arteries
• First branches off the aorta
• Supply blood to the heart

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Coronary arteries
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Conduction

• Depolarization of heart muscle stimulates
  contraction
• Heart contains autogenic cells
• Self stimulate
• SA node (sinoatrial)
• Pacemaker of the heart
• Located in R atrium wall
• Near the superior vena cava

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Conduction

• SA node
• Causes atrium to contract
• Sends signal to the AV node
• AV (atrioventricular) node
• Located in wall between R atrium ventricle
• Sends signal to the bundle of His

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Contraction

• Bundle of His
• Sends signal to the Purkinje fibers
• Cause the ventricle to contract
• SA?AV?Bundle of His?Purkinje fibers

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Conduction
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Conduction
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EKG

• Electrocardiogram
• Records electrical impulses of the heart
• P-wave
• First wave-atrium contraction
• QRS-wave
• Ventricles contracting
• T-wave
• Heart re-polarization

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EKG or ECG
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Vessels

• Arteries, arterioles
• Veins, venules
• Capillaries
• arteries?arterioles?capillaries?venules?veins

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Capillaries
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Blood vessels
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Vessels

• Basic structure (except capillaries)
• Inner layer is endothelium
• Next is a layer of elastic fibers
• Smooth muscle layer
• Connective tissue
• Capillaries are single cell layer thick
• Endothelium only

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Arteries

• Carry oxygen rich blood away from heart
• Arterioles
• Smaller arteries
• Larger the artery
• More elastic recoil as blood is pumped

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Arteries

• Vasoconstriction
• Contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
• Decrease blood flow
• Vasodilation
• Relaxation of smooth muscle
• Increase blood flow
• Precapillary sphincters
• Regulate blood flow

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Veins

• Carry oxygen poor blood to heart
• Venules
• Smaller veins
• Less smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscles constrict
• Help flow of blood to heart
• Venous valves
• Help blood flow to heart prevent backflow

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Varicose veins

• Too much blood in legs
• Valves veins do not work

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Capillaries

• Passage of oxygen nutrients
• Into cells or extracellular fluids
• Passage of carbon dioxide wastes
• From cells to blood

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Blood
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Blood

• Plasma (matrix) yellow
• Fluid part of the blood
• Metabolites, wastes, hormones
• Ions (sodium, chlorine, bicarbonate)
• Proteins
• Albumin (fluids), globulins (antibodies),
  fibrinogen (clots)
• Cells
• RBC, WBC, platelets

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Blood cells
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Blood formation
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RBC

• Erythrocyte
• O2 CO2 transport
• Hemoglobin (protein)
• Erythropoietin
• Hormone secreted by kidney that stimulates RBC
  production
• Erythropoiesis
• Process of RBC production from stem cells
• Spleen, bone marrow liver remove RBC

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Heme
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Hemoglobin
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RBC
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WBC

• Leukocyte
• Larger than RBC
• Contain a nucleus
• Fights against infection and FB
• Interstitial fluid as well as blood
• 5 types of WBC split into 2 groups
• Granulocytes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
• Non-granulocytes lymphocytes, monocytes

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WBC
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Platelets

• Cell fragments
• Megakaryocyte
• Large cell in bone marrow that forms platelets
• Clotting
• First to site of injury
• Fibrin (protein that forms clot)

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Platelets
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Clotting

• Tissue damage
• Platelets arrive
• Cascade reactions are started
• Prothrombin is changed to
• Thrombin (enzyme)
• Changes fibrinogen to fibrin
• Forms clot

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Fibrin
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Blood

• More RBC than WBC
• Hematocrit
• Measurement of RBCs in the blood
• RBC last about 120 days

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Lymph system

• Interstitial fluid
• Fluid from the blood plasma that leaves the
  capillaries
• Surrounds the tissues
• Lymph
• Returns to circulation via lymph system
• Lymph nodes, lymph vessels organs (spleen
  thymus)

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Edema

• Swelling of tissues
• Usually ankles or feet
• Interstitial fluid cannot be returned
• Low protein (albumin)
• Liver disease
• Heart disease
• Pregnancy

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MI
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Flutter
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Atherosclerosis
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Aneurysm
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Infarct
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Pacemaker
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VSD
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MVP