US

1
US EU Transatlantic Relations

• Overview
• European North American Relations
• Historic Overview
• The Evolution of the European Union
• Current Issues in US EU Relations

2
Historical Development of Atlantic Relations

• Columbus (1492)
• Geographical expansion of European States
  overseas, lure of seemingly endless land
• Britain (North-east)
• France (Mid-West)
• Spain (South-West)
• Dutch (East Cost)

3
Colonial Pathways (1513 1783)
Britain (1607 1783)
Dutch (1611- 1674)
France (1523-1763)
Spain (1513 - 1821)
4
European Powers in the New World (1713)
England
Dutch (1611- 1674)
France
Spain
5
Atlantic Relations After Columbus

• Discovery of America ?
• Encounter between two civilizations ?
• Colonialism, exploitation, submission ?

6
Toward the US Independence

• Westphalia Treaty (1648), European Nation-States
  emerge
• In 1600s, English colonizers predominate in North
  America (annexed Dutch possessions)
• Dual sovereignty King/parliament vs. settlers
• Loyalty to the king or independence?
• Successful Rebellion against British colonial
  rule
• 1776 Declaration of Independence
• Transatlantic interstate relations initiate

7
The Westward Expansion of the Federation
(17891849)

• 1796 President Washington warned against foreign
  alliances (isolationism)
• 1803 the Louisiana purchase (trade) French
  presence removed
• 1823 The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed the idea
  that European powers should no longer colonize or
  interfere in the Americas and viceversa
• 1827 President Adams statement reinforce
  isolationism America does not go abroad in
  search of monsters to destroy. She is the
  well-wisher to freedom and independence of all.
  She is the champion and vindicator only of her
  own

8
US in the 19th century

• 1846 - 1848 The US win Mexican war (former
  Spanish colony)
• Civil war (1861-5) between northern Unionist and
  southern Confederates, America focused on
  domestic issues and territorial expansion
• 1898 the SpanishAmerican War refers to the
  US-sponsored punctuation to the
  late-nineteenth-century turmoil in the Spanish
  colonies (Cuba, Portorico) seen as a danger for
  national security
• 1905 Roosevelt issued a corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine, which allows the United States to
  "exercise international policy power" so they can
  intervene and keep smaller countries on their
  feet.

9
Europe in the 19th century

• Collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Holy Roman
  empires.
• Growing influence of the British Empire, the
  German Empire
• Link to a series of 21 animated maps showing the
  history of Europe during the 19th century from
  the Congress of Vienna to the onset of World War
  I in 1914.
• http//www.the-map-as-history.com/maps/1_history-
  europe-XIX-congress-vienna.php

10
US and WWI

• At the end of 1800s, US economy is the biggest in
  the world
• Attracted immigrants from Europe reinforcing
  cultural affinities
• US was reluctantly dragged into the First World
  War as a result of German submarine attacks on
  freight and passenger ships. It emerged from that
  war stronger rather weaker
• 1918 For the first time in history, US troops
  land in Europe for military operations
• Drafted four million men, participated in navy
  operations

11
US and WWII

• But US behavior between WWI and WWII is often
  described as isolationist because of its lack
  of involvement in international diplomacy
• League of Nations created to delegate to a
  third party diplomatic negotiations
• Once again US was a late entrant into WWII after
  the significant Japanese military attack on Pearl
  Harbor in Hawaii in 1941
• US troops landed again in European soil, crucial
  to determine wars end and subsequent post-war
  equilibrium

12
Allied Operations in WWII
13
After WWII Marshall Plan

• US isolationism ended
• New bipolar order, US leading Western Hemisphere,
  URSS hemisphere, some socialist non-aligned
  countries (Yugoslavia, China)
• Interventionism in economic issues
• 1947 Marshall Plan, long term American
  assistance program for Europe aimed to win the
  hearts and minds of Western Europeans
• Humanitarian, social, economic, security issues
  after terrible war and destruction
• Contain Communist expansion in Europe
• Based on the idea of European ownership, paved
  the way for European integration

14
After WWII NATO

• Interventionism in military affairs
• 1949 Creation of NATO
• Avoid that Europe develop autonomous military
  capabilities
• Broadly speaking, the US was the main actor of
  the Western hemisphere (democracy, rule of law,
  free market economy, international organizations
  such as IMF, GATT/WTO, UN, and the European
  Community

15
Forming NATO

• Created in1949 by the United States, Canada,
  Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France,
  Iceland, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, and
  United Kingdom
• To counterbalance URSS international activism on
  Eastern Europe (Berlin Blockade)
• 1954 the Soviet Union suggested that it should
  join NATO to preserve peace in Europemembership
  denied
• 1955 West Germany joined NATO
• Keep the Russians out, The Americans in,
• and the Germans down

16
NATOs Pillars

• Solidarity
• The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed
  attack against one or more of them in Europe or
  North America shall be considered an attack
  against them all. Consequently they agree that,
  if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in
  exercise of the right of individual or collective
  self-defense will assist the Party or Parties
  being attacked individually and in concert with
  the other Parties, such action as it deems
  necessary, including the use of armed force, to
  restore and maintain the security of the North
  Atlantic area.

17
NATOs Pillars

• Freedom
• safeguard the freedom and security of its
  
  members by political and military means
• Security
• Members safeguard their common values of
  democracy, individual liberty, the rule of law,
  and the pursuit of peaceful resolutions of
  disputes
• Transatlantic Link
• NATO embodies common values and ideals between
  every member country that exist before NATO, but
  permanently tied them together

18
Structures of NATO
NATO
Political Structures
Military Structures
Agencies Organizations
19
NATOs Evolution

• After the end of Cold War, NATO was present
  during the break up of former Yugoslavia, and did
  take an active role in the Bosnian Civil War.
• Expanded in Eastern Europe, Central Asia
• NATO keeps relations with non-NATO states that
  share the same ideals and beliefs Australia,
  Japan, South Korea, and New Zealand.
• After 9/11 NATO has taken an active role in
  helping Afghanistan make the move to a democratic
  government.
• NATO sent aid to Pakistan and other countries
  affected by natural disasters.

20
NATOS MEMBERS TODAY
Partner States (in brackets non-European
partners)
21
US Interventionism in European Affairs

• Why the European Community after WWII?
• Security reasons novel structure of European
  governance capable to eradicate the very roots of
  intra-European conflicts after the horrors of
  WWII.
• ? European Coal and Steel Community
• ? Euroatom
• Economic reasons to rebuild Europe after the
  immense destructions caused by WWII
• ? European Economic Community
• Cultural reasons transcend dangerous
  narrow-mindedness of extreme nationalisms and
  economic autarchy

22
The Widening of the EC/EU

• In 1952, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium,
  Luxemburg, and the Netherlands established the
  European Coal and Steel Community.
• In 1957 the Treaty of Rome created the European
  Economic Community (EEC, referred as EC) and the
  European Atomic Energy Community (Euroatom).
• 1973 first enlargement with Great Britain,
  Denmark and Ireland
• 1981 Greece joined
• 1986 Spain, Portugal (EC-12)
• 1995 Sweden, Finland and Austria in the EU
  (EU-15)
• 2004 10 new countries from Central, Eastern
  Europe (EU-25)
• 2006 Romania and Bulgaria enter (EU-27)
• Almost 500.000.000 citizens
• Current candidates Turkey, Croatia, Macedonia,
  Iceland
• Potential candidates Bosnia, Serbia, Albania,
  Montenegro
• Switzerland, Norway denied membership

23
The Deepening of the EC

• In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community
  was established
• In 1957 creation of the European Economic
  Community (EEC, referred as EC) and the European
  Atomic Energy Community (Euroatom)
• 1960s stagnation of the integration due to
• Concurrent projects (EFTA)
• Nationalist leaders (de Gaulle)
• 1970s relaunch of the integration
• 1979 European Monetary System (EMS)
• 1987 Single European Act (SEA) rationale for
• Political cooperation
• Single market road plan
• Common currency as a goal
• Social Europe

24
The Deepening of the EU

• The Maastricht Treaty (1991) from the EC to the
  EU
• Euro road plan
• How to manage the single market
• European Parliament became more important
• Three pillars structure
• Economic Community (EC)
• Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP)
• Justice and Home Affairs (JHA)
• Copenhagen criteria (1997) for accession into EU
  of new member
• Amsterdam (1999) and Nice (2002) treaties
  attempts to reform the institutions in advance of
  a significant enlargement
• Constitution failure (2005) because France and
  the Netherlands rejected it
• Result from economic to political, monetary,
  juridical and eventually constitutional
  integration

25
The Deepening of the EU

• Lisbon Treaty signed in 2007, effective December
  1st, 2009
• (Proposed after the failure to ratify the EU
  Constitution in 2005)
• Re-engineering of EU institutions and
  constitutional framework particularly after of
  the accession of ten new Member States in 2004
• Further involvement of the European Parliament in
  the legislative process
• Where the EU do not have competences taxation,
  domestic legal systems

26
The Deepening of the EU

• Foreign, security, and military policy
  coordinated by intergovernmental negotiations,
  not EU prerogative
• But Lisbon Treaty created a High Representative
  of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
  to present a united position on EU policies
  (incumbent Catherine Ashton since December 2009)
• Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP),
  Minister of Foreign affairs recently appointed
  for the first time
• No military power but European Security and
  Defense Policy (ESDP) interlinked with NATO
• ESDP no decoupling from NATO, no duplication of
  capabilities, no discrimination of non-EU NATO
  members

27
Defining European Integration

• Voluntary linking in one or more domain(s) of two
  or more formerly independent nation-states
  (countries) with the result that sovereignty over
  key areas of national policy is shifted towards
  the supranational level.
• Domains economic, security, cultural, legal,
  and/or political
• Formerly independent countries because
  member-states lose a certain degree of
  sovereignty
• ? Different than US integration

28
Regional Integration
When Countries (Nation States) integrate
People Institutions Territories
integrate
29
From Nation-States to Regional Integration 3
Theories

• Inter-governmentalism
• Integration driven by the interests of
  member-states (EU as an international
  organization)
• National self-reliance prevail in topic areas
  sovereignty largely preserved
• Members are independent actors, the EU is the
  dependent one
• Supra-nationalism
• Integration as a delegation of competencies to EU
  institutions
• National governments do not detain full
  policy-control, significant shift of sovereignty
• EU institutions exert a significant independent
  influence on members
• Multi-Level Governance (MLG)
• Multiplication of decisional levels
  supranational, national, regional, and local
• Decision-making stands at any level of government
• Positive-sum game among multiple levels
• Shared sovereignty

30
Defining the European Integration

• From the EC to the EU
• The process of merging European countries into
• (1) One economy
• from the custom union to an economic union
• common currency
• (2) A stable polity
• more trust of the citizens toward the EU
  institutions
• more accountability of the institutions toward
  the citizenry

31
Defining the European Integration

• (3) Policy convergence
• Regulation of the single market
• Expenditure
• Monetary union
• Citizen freedom
• Security policies
• Foreign policy (not yet!)
• (4) Regime homogeneity
• democracy
• MLG governance

32
Economic Conditions of EU members

• Heterogeneous from the third economy of the
  world (Germany) to developing economies of new
  Central and Eastern members
• Some countries industrialized, others more
  agricultural
• Small and big countries
• Specialization among countries or risk of
  centre/periphery within the EU
• ? Internal frictions could affect transatlantic
  relations, return to bilateralism
• ? Or, through the EU, improve relationship btwn
  US and new members from Central and Eastern
  Europe (after long separation during Cold War)

33
Political Conditions of EU members

• All democracies (prerequisite for accession)
• All had to reform in various degrees to meet EU
  criteria
• Some are liberal democracies, others are
  social-democracies, others are recent democracies
  (post-communist)
• Policy leaders versus laggards
• ? Internal differences could affect
  transatlantic relations
• ? But democratic stability in Europe is a US
  foreign policy goal since WWII

34
The Institutions of the EU

• Communitarian institutions represent and defend
  the interests of the EU
• The European Commission
• The European Court of Justice
• Other institutions represent and defend the
  interests of the member states
• European Council (intergovernmental meeting
  among prime ministers)
• Council of the EU or Council of the Ministers
  (intergovernmental meeting among cabinet
  ministers, foreign policy decided here)
• The European Parliament represents the interests
  of the citizens

35
The Separation of Powers

• The triple executive
• The European Commission
• European Council
• Council of the EU
• Legislative
• European Parliament
• Judiciary
• The European Court of Justice

36
The decisional process of the EU

• Uploading European integration
• through intergovernmental negotiations
• The setting of the rule of the game
• States are the prominent actors deciding EU
  rules, procedures and institutions
• Downloading Europeanization
• In policy areas managed by EU, the Commission
  dictates rules and the Court of Justice monitors
• To play the EU game
• Able to stimulate domestic changes

37
European Integration and Europeanization
The EU
38
US EU Relationship since the End of the Cold War

• Collapse of the Berlin Wall
• Dismantling of the Warsaw Pact
• The dissolution of Soviet Union
• Unipolar system the US is the actor with the
  most extensive structural power in IR
• Europe domestically focused on widening and
  deepening the EU (see above)

39
US Perspectives after the Cold War

• What to do? Three legitimate options
• Focus on domestic issues, retrenchment of foreign
  policy (neo-isolationists)
• Multilateralism, seeking international
  collaboration to reduce costs, search for
  collective security and avoid imperialistic
  impulse
• Hegemonic imperative, global responsibility,
  leadership abroad (unilateral if necessary)

40
US EU Relationship during the Clinton Era

• Clinton inherently multilateral, but Congress
  uninterested in foreign policy
• US reduced his strategic interest in Europe
• Initial non-engagement on Balkan crisis, later US
  intervention needed because the EU unable to
  manage a crisis on its surroundings
• Bilateral negotiations still important (US-UK)
• Different positions on International treaties
• Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban (1996)
• Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change (1997)
• International Criminal Court (1998)

41
US EU Relationship during the Clinton Era

• 1995 US, EU signed New Transatlantic agenda,
  joint actions for
• Closer economic relations
• Face global challenges
• Promoting democracy, peace

42
Bush Doctrine, War on Terror, and the Iraqi War

• 9/11 terrorism replaced Soviet Union as main
  security threat
• High profile clash over Iraq in 2003
• Coalition of the willing preferred to NATO or
  UN channels
• Europe unable to speak with one voice
• Western European countries split the UK, Italy
  and Spain sent troops (later Spain and Italy
  withdrew)
• Germany, France opposed
• For the first time, deployment of troops from
  Eastern Europe

43
Bush Doctrine, War on Terror, and the Iraqi War

• The Bush doctrine revitalized the Grand
  American strategy
• Political unilateralism
• Juridical exceptionalism (Guantanamo, rendition)
• Economic imperialism (war for oil?)
• Cultural hegemony
• Boosted Anti-Americanism in Europe
• But transatlantic frictions did not start with
  Bush

44
The Rise of Anti-Americanism in Europe

• Growing in the 1990s, weakened after 9/11,
  culminated with the Iraqi War
• Aprioristic, irrational and prejudicial criticism
  of America
• US considered responsible for most things that
  are wrong in todays world
• But the US does not have a monopoly on power
  seeking, many international problems have local
  roots and causes, and the US itself has regional
  diversity and cultural variety
• Obama reversing the route? 200.000 Germans
  listening his speech in Berlin (2008)

45
February 15, 2003 500.000 protestors marched
through the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin to
demonstrate against the impending U.S. invasion
of Iraq. Meanwhile, millions of people protested
around the world.
46
July 2008 Presidential candidate Obama
addresses a speech in front of 200.000 people at
the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin
47
US Attitudes Toward Europe

• The UK perceived more affordable than France and
  Germany
• Americans wants to see a stronger EU
• Rumsfeld criticized old Europe (critically on US
  policy on Iraq) and new Europe (supportive)
• Obama at Berlin re-launched multilateralism and
  one-world idea
• Will the EU role in tackling terrorism increase?

48
European Attitudes Toward the US

• Many member-states consider they have a special
  relationship with the US
• The UK,
• Others consider it a potential threat
• France? Others?
• Similar analysis of threats, but different views
  on how to tackle such treats

49
The EU Fight against Terrorism

• Europe suffered attacks too (Madrid 2004, London
  2005)
• Terrorism has propelled EU Justice and Home
  Affairs (JHA)
• Agenda based on
• Prevention, tackling money-laundering
• Protection (Europol, Eurojust)
• Prosecution, judicial cooperation
• Consequence management, minimizing consequence of
  an attack
• After 9/11, action plan with 70 measures
• After Madrid Attacks, plan revised

50
The EU Fight against Terrorism

• Principle of mutual assistance in case of attack
• Creation of a European Borders Agency
• Closer cooperation with NATO
• Obstacles to closer intelligence cooperation
• Provides technical assistance to 80 countries
• Appointed counter-terrorist coordinator
• Concerns about possible abuses of human rights in
  tackling terrorism
• Avoid penetration of terrorism in Islamic
  communities in Europe
• In some states there is not perception of
  terrorism as pan-European threat

51
War on Terror Multilateral or Unilateral
strategy?

• Multilateralism Pros
• Terrorism is an inherent challenge to
  civilization
• Terrorism is ubiquitous - global approach needed
• US relative newcomer in fighting terrorism, while
  other countries have some expertise (the UK,
  Italy, Spain)
• Unilateralism Pros
• 9/11 is a US issue, no need of worlds support
• Projection of force abroad is a US prerogative
• International collaboration is dangerous with
  states ambivalent on terrorism

52
US- EU Current Economic Relations

• Together, EU and US are each others primary
  economic partners
• US-EU relationship is arguably the most important
  geopolitical relationship in the world

53
US and EU25 Major Powers in World Trade
54
The EU25 trade in goods - Exports by Region
(2002, million euro)
55
The EU25 trade in goods - Imports by Region
(2002, million euro)
56
US EU Trade Policy
4 dimensions
57
US EU Trade Policy

• Multilateral WTO arena
• Regional between US and EU institutions
• Bilateral US and a European Country
• Unilateral US versus EU or viceversa

58
Other US EU Economic Relationship

• EU US investment engagement of both parties in
  their counterparts economy
• Each others main foreign assets locations
• 2002 the UK (1), the Netherlands (3),
  Switzerland (4), Germany (6), Belgium/Luxembourg
  (8), France (10) top destinations of US
  investments
• Since the end of Cold War, investment volume of
  EU corporation in the US rose ten times (from
  4.4 billion to 46 billion)
• Economic ties relatively immune from political
  frictions

59
US EU Common Economic Goals

• Trade expansion, no protectionism
• Reduction of trade barriers (tariff, quotas,
  subsidies)
• Pushed for creation of WTO (from GATT)
• Integrating more countries in world trade
• Fighting illicit practices (dumping - selling
  goods below the cost of production)
• Multilateral rules-making in the context of
  effective global governance and institutions
• Rules on investment, intellectual property,
  public procurement
• Enforce control by Dispute Settlement Mechanism

60
But US EU Economic Disputes

• Genetically modified foodstuff, agricultural
  issue provoked political animosity
• American Foreign Sales Corporation Act (2004)
  providing tax subsidies, export rebates abolished
  after EU complaint
• Helms-Burton Act seeking to punish non-US
  companies trading with Cuba contrary to the
  principles of international trade and sovereignty
• Boeing-Airbus govt subsidies dispute
• Us accused lack of a single EU customs
  administration delays US exports
• EU vs Microsoft decade-long dispute (1999-2009)
  on violation of competition policy (link)

61
So what? Different views or working together?

• Neither side wants to impose concessions on the
  other - competition matters!
• Clashes among domestic values, policy priorities,
  regulatory systems international rules cannot
  help much
• 2005 summit A US-EU Initiative to Enhance
  Economic Integration and Growth
• 2005 summit A US-EU partnership for a More Open
  Market in 21st century
• Regulatory cooperation, capital markets,
  innovation and technology, trade, security,
  intellectual property rights, investment,
  competition

62
Current Military Relations

• Now US and EU account for 70 of global
  expenditure in defense
• However the US spend three times more than the EU
  Europe kept demilitarized
• US dominance in defence is overwhelming (and the
  US defence budget could be expanded) 
• Presently the US spends just under 3 of its
  GNP on defence (it used to be an average of 6.8
  between 1948-1998)
• Not counting Bosnia or Kosovo, currently the US
  has about 90,000 personnel in Europe (57,000 in
  Germany, 9,825 in the UK, 9800 in Italy, 1600 in
  Turkey, and other countries)

63
Toward a Tri-polar System?
Powers Units Economic Political Military Cultural
US
EU
China
64
Toward a Tri-polar System?
Powers Units Economic Political Military Cultural
US v v v v
EU v v ?
China v ?