Essential Question:

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• Essential Question
• Which was the more powerful force during the Era
  of Good Feelings nationalism or sectionalism?

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The Era of Good Feelings
(1816-1825)
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The Era of Good Feelings

• After the War of 1812, America experienced an
  Era of Good Feelings characterized by
• An extremely popular president
• The emergence of a 2nd generation of U.S. leaders
• Dominance by the Dem - Republicans
• A surge in nationalism that united the country
  improved US industry transportation

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Monroe as President
He appointed Democrats, Federalists, Southerners,
Northerners to his cabinet including Sec of
State John Q Adams

• James Monroe was elected president in 1816 1820
  with a clear set of goals
• To promote national unity
• To promote Americas power in the world
• Republican dominance of the presidency Congress
  helped push through a series of new laws

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The Great Triumvirate

• By 1816, a wave of new leaders shaped the
  antebellum era
• Henry Clay (Dem -Republican, KY)
• Represented the West
• Speaker of the House
• Proponent of national economic
  development

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The Great Triumvirate

• John C. Calhoun
• (Dem - Republican, SC)
• Represented the South
• Sec of War VP
• He was the nation's leading
  proponent of states'
  rights (he embraced nullification)

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The Great Triumvirate

• Daniel Webster (Whig, MA)
• Represented the North
• Congressman Sec of State
• Strong proponent of nationalism strong
  critic of states' rights

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Politics After the War of 1812

• The Dem-Republicans traditionally represented
  limited govt, states' rights, strict
  construction
• But, without Federalist opposition, the
  Dem-Republicans adopted many traditionally
  Federalist policies
• National economic development
• A permanent army
• Transportation improvements
• A national university in D.C.

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Henry Clays American System
All were proposed by Hamilton opposed by
Republicans in the 1790s
1st significant protective tariff in U.S. history

• Henry Clays American System in 1816 proposed the
  creation of
• The 2nd Bank of the U.S. to stabilize U.S.
  currency
• Tariff of 1816 to promote U.S. industry limit
  the importation of British manufactured goods
• A national system of roads canals
• The American System helped unify North, South,
  West

Helped pave the way for future RR construction
western Indian removal
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Judicial Nationalism

• John Marshall (1801-1835) used the Supreme Court
  to strengthen the power of the national govt
• Exerted the power of the national government over
  the states
• Rejected the claim that states could check powers
  of the national government
• Affirmed the loose construction argument of the
  elastic clause

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Judicial Nationalism

• Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) govt cannot
  interfere with contracts between private parties
• McCullough v. Maryland (1819) Congress possesses
  powers not explicitly stated in Constitution
  Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made
  by the states
• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) interstate commerce is
  power reserved for national government

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Nationalist Foreign Policy
President Monroe Sec of State JQ Adams
developed a nationalist foreign policy agenda
The Convention of 1818 set the US/Canada border
set at the 49º
Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) to avoid conflicts
along the Great Lakes, the U.S. agreed not to
take Canada Britain not to invade the U.S
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Nationalist Foreign Policy
Also, Spain assumed Florida would eventually be
annexed

• Monroe JQ Adams turned their attention to
  acquiring Florida
• Andrew Jackson took it upon himself to end Indian
  attacks on Georgia from Spanish Florida
• Jacksons military advances U.S. success in the
  War of 1812 helped force the Adams-Onis Treaty
  (1819) that ceded Florida Oregon to U.S.

U.S. agreed to pay Spain 5 million renounced
claims to Texas
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Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
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Nationalist Foreign Policy
The U.S. will protect Latin American independence

• When Latin American nations revolted against
  Spain, the U.S. supported the new republics
• European powers disliked these liberal rebellions
  were tempted to re-conquer them
• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to
  stay out of the Western Hemisphere the U.S.
  will not interfere in Europe

The U.S. will act independently will protect
its sphere of influence
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Sectionalism in the Era of Good Feelings
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Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
The end of the War of 1812 unleashed a rush of
pioneers into the western territories
Many settled in the West to escape
overpopulation, rising land prices, worn-out
soil in the East
The 2nd BUS made credit available for farmers to
purchase land
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Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
By 1810, 1/7th of the U.S. population lived in
the West By 1840 over 1/3rd lived in the West
Congress quickly admitted 5 states to the Union
Indiana (1816)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)
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Sectional Disputes

• The Era of Good Feelings started with a wave of
  national unity, but sectional disputes between
  the North South emerged would dominate
  politics for next 40 years
• Disagreed over the use of protective tariffs,
  especially when cotton prices fell in 1820s
• Disagreed over slavery in the western territories
  states

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Missouri Compromise
Population was growing more rapidly in North, so
House of Reps favored Northerners

• In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a
  slave state revealed U.S. sectional rivalries
• North resented Southern control of presidency
  its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps
• South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all
  slavery
• Equality had been maintained by alternating
  admission of free slave states added to the
  US

NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its
state constitution provided for the gradual
elimination of slavery
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American Slave Population, 1790-1820
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Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri Compromise (1820)
• Missouri became a slave state
• Maine (which broke from Mass) was admitted as
  free state
• Slavery was banned elsewhere in the Louisiana
  Purchase above the latitude of 3630'
• The Missouri controversy exposed a deep rift
  between North South

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Missouri Compromise, 1820-1821
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Conclusions

• The Era of Good Feelings led to
• An improved American economy
• Better transportation
• More territory more clearly-defined borders
• A foreign policy in Latin America
• Butsectional problems between the North South

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Discussion Questions

• Both Alexander Hamilton John Marshall were
  Federalists who believed in a strong national
  govt. Who was more influential in shaping
  American history? Explain
• Which policy will be more important in U.S.
  history Monroes foreign OR domestic policy?