A New Spirit of Change

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A New Spirit of Change

• Chapter 14 Review

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Emigration to the U.S. from Europe
1820-1860
Percent of Total Immigrants
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Why People Migrated

• Push Pull Factors
• PUSH Push people out of their native lands
• PULL Pull them towards a new place

• Push factors
• Population growth overcrowding
• Ag changes
• Crop failures
• Industrial Rev.
• Religious Turmoil

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Why People Migrated

• Push Pull Factors
• PUSH Push people out of their native lands
• PULL Pull them towards a new place

• Pull Factors
• Freedom
• Economic Opportunity
• Abundant Land

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Scandinavians

• Escaping poverty at home

• Settled in northern Midwest where land and
  weather were similar to homelands

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Germans

• Escaping warfare in Central Europe
• Largest Immigrant Group during 1800s
• Settled primarily in Midwest
• (and some in Texas)

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Irish

• Fleeing hunger (caused by Potato Famine),
  poverty, persecution
• Settled in East Coast cities

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NATIVISTS

• Faced newcomers with prejudice and violence
• Formed Know-Nothing Party which was
  anti-immigrant anti-catholic called
  themselves the American Party

No Irish Need Apply
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Washington Irving

• Legend of Sleepy Hollow
• Rip van Winkle

• Wrote some of the 1st novels describing America
• Usually set in the New York countryside

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James Fenimore Cooper

• Leatherstocking Tales 5 books including Last of
  the Mohicans
• Featured nature life on the frontier

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Francis Parkman Noah Webster

• The Oregon Trail
• Histories of America and the frontier

• Created an American dictionary
• Focused on Americanisms English words used
  only in the U.S.

Kerb
Civilisation
Gaol
Centre
Catalogue
Colour
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

• Celebrated Americas Past by retelling history
  through poetry

• Paul Reveres Ride
• Hiawatha

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Albert Bierstadt Hudson River School Landscape
Painter

• Produced huge paintings conveying majesty of the
  West

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Asher Durand Hudson River School Landscape
Painter

• Founder of Hudson River School
• Influenced by Emerson and Thoreau
• Painted feeling rather than reality

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Thomas Cole Hudson River School Landscape
Painter

• Most famous of the Hudson River School artists

• Painted series like Voyage of Life and Course
  of Empire

The Savage State
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Thomas Cole
The Pastoral State
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Thomas Cole
Consummation of Empire
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Thomas Cole
Destruction
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Thomas Cole
Desolation
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John James Audubon

• Nature artist
• Best known for his sketches of birds

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David Drake a.k.a. Dave the Potter

• Created Pottery
• Slave working in a South Carolina factory

• Created more than 40,000
• many weighing more than 40 pounds each able to
  hold 50 gallons
• only a few still survive valued at 30-40,000
  each
• Boldly wrote Dave on his pots and frequently
  inscribed them with verses

I wonder where is all my relations Friendship
to all and every nation
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Ralph Waldo Emerson
Do not go where the path may lead, go instead
where there is no path and leave a trail.

• Wrote essays emphasizing need for Americans to be
  self-reliantindependent from European culture
• Encouraged Americans to learn about life from
  nature and self-examination

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Henry David Thoreau

• Walden
• Civil Disobedience

• Suggested that people should live by their own
  standards
• With Emerson, founded the philosophy of
  Transcendentalism
• Spiritual world more important than physical
  world
• Truth can be discovered by feeling and intuition

Go confidently in the direction of your
dreams! Live the life you've imagined.
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Walt Whitman

• Patriotic Poet wrote poems praising
  ordinary Americans
• Best known for his Lincoln poems
• Leaves of Grass
• I Hear America Singing
• Oh Captain, My Captain

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Emily Dickinson

• Shaped American poetry by experimenting with
  language (with Whitman)
• Poems focused on subjects of God, Nature,
  Love, and Death

Hope is the thing with feathers, that
perches in the soul, and sings the tune without
words, and never stops at all.
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Edgar Allen Poe

• The Raven
• The Tell-Tale Heart
• Annabel Lee
• Author of stories that dealt with the workings
  of the mind

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Nathaniel Hawthorne
A

• Wrote stories set in Puritan New England
• Like Poe, had a dark view of human nature

• The Scarlet Letter
• House of the Seven Gables

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Herman Melville

• Melvilles stories, like Moby Dick, were drawn
  from his experiences at sea.

Call me Ishmael.
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Peter Cartwright Charles G. Finney

• Preachers of the 2nd Great Awakening
• Renewal of religious faith in America
• Stressed equality and the importance of
  helping others
• Main Idea Reform Yourself
  then Reform Society

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Reform Movements
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Mary C. Vaughan Neal Dow

• Campaign to limit alcohol consumption
• Closely associated with Feminist Movement
• 14 states banned sale of alcohol eventually led
  to 18th Amendment

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Harriet Hanson

• Led strikers against mill owners
• 10-hour work day began in 1840

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Horace Mann The Father of Education

• Referred to education as The Great Equalizer

• By 1850, most of the North had free public
  elementary schools
• Also, many private colleges opened across the
  North
• Most schools still would not admit women

In a Republic, ignorance is a crime.
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Elizabeth Blackwell

• In 1849, became 1st woman in U.S. to earn a
  medical degree

If society will not admit of womans free
development, then society must be remodeled.
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Alexander Twilight John Russwurm

• 1st African-Americans to receive college
  degrees
• Russwurm began 1st African-American newspaper
• Russwurm became a leader of the Back-to-Africa
  movement and moved to Liberia, believing that
  blacks had no future in the U.S.

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Dorothea Dix

• Convinced many Northern states to build hospitals
  to treat the mentally ill, rather than to
  imprison them
• Worked to separate children from adult inmates,
  and to focus efforts on rehabilitation rather
  than simple punishment

In a world where there is so much to be
done, I felt strongly impressed that there
must be something for me to do.
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Thomas Gallaudet Samuel Gridley Howe

• Worked to improve education for the blind
  using a new method developed in France by Louis
  Braille

• Began first school in America for the
  deaf
• (his son started the 1st deaf
  college)

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Penny Papers

• Spread information about reform
  movements and society

• Informedor inflamedvoters, leading to political
  and social change

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Sarah Hale

• Advocate of womens education who published
  magazines for women
• Promoted idea of womens Proper Sphere
• Opposed feminism because it took women from the
  empire of the home

• Mens Sphere business, politics
• Womens Sphere home, human ties

No need have we of power or splendor, wide hall
or lordly dome the good, the true, the
tender,these form the wealth of home.
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Mother Ann Lee

• Some groups decided Society was beyond redemption
  so they chose to separate and to create
  their own Utopia a perfect society
• Mother Ann founded the Shakers believed in
  sharing all worldly goods, equality among genders
  and races, and refused to fight for any reason

The gospel is the greatest treasure that souls
can possess go home and be faithful put your
hands to work, and give your hearts to God. If
you have anything to spare, give it to the poor.
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Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

• Free African-American poet who traveled the North
  lecturing against slavery and for womens rights

The sale beganyoung girls were there,
Defenseless in their wretchedness, Whose
stifled sobs of deep despair Revealed their
anguish and distress. -"The Slave Auction"
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David Walker

• Free African-American who published a call for
  slaves to revolt then had copies smuggled into
  the South and distributed it to slaves and free
  blacks
• Southerners responded with stricter slave codes,
  and by offering a reward (3,000) for his head
  (or 10,000 if brought to the South alive)
• Mysteriously found dead in his home shortly
  thereafter

Somebody must die in this cause. I may be doomed
to the stake and the fire, or to the scaffold
tree, but it is not in me to falter if I can
promote the work of emancipation.
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William Lloyd Garrison
I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with
moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not
equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not
retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.

• Published The Liberator, the nations leading
  abolitionist newspaper
• Spoke out eloquently and passionately against
  slavery and for the rights of America's black
  inhabitants

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Grimké Sisters Theodore
WeldSarah and Angelina

• Southern women who lectured across the North on
  the evils of slavery
• (Angelina married Theodore Weld)

• Preacher who spoke out against slavery and was
  effective at recruiting others into the
  abolitionist movement

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John Quincy Adams

• Fought Congresss Gag Rule and argued for
  abolition
• Introduced amendment to abolish slavery
• Successfully argued before the U.S. Supreme Court
  for freedom for the Amistad slaves

If your actions inspire others to dream more,
learn more, do more and become more, you are a
leader.
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Frederick Douglass

• Escaped slave who became a powerful abolitionist
  speaker in the U.S. and Britain
• Published his autobiography and an abolitionist
  newspaper

Those who profess to favor freedom and yet
criticize agitation, are people who want crops
without plowing they want rain without thunder
and lightning they want the ocean without the
roar of its waves. The struggle may be a moral
one, or it may be a physical one, or it may be
both. But it must be a struggle. Power concedes
nothing without a demand it never has and it
never will.
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Sojourner Truth

• Escaped slave who spoke to huge crowds in North
  advocating both Abolition and Rights for Women

I am glad to see that men are getting their
rights, but I want women to get theirs, and while
the water is stirring I will step into the pool.
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Henry Box Brown

• Slave who escaped by mailing himself to the North
• Worked on Underground Railroad to help escapees

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Harriet Tubman

• Most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad
• Made 19 trips into the South to free 300 slaves,
  including her entire family

I had reasoned this out in my mind, there was one
of two things I had a right to, liberty or death
if I could not have one, I would have the other.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton Lucretia Mott

• Organized the Seneca Falls Convention, which
  began the womens rights movement in America
• Advocated womens suffrage, believing that
  political power would lead to social equality

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Maria Mitchell

• Founder of Association for the Advancement of
  Women
• Astronomer who was the 1st woman elected to the
  American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Study as if you were going to live forever live
as if you were going to die tomorrow.
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Susan B. Anthony

• Built the Feminist Movement into a national
  organization
• Campaigned for laws to give married women
  property rights
• Campaigned for womens suffrage
• achieved in 1920 with 19th Amendment

It was we, the people not we, the white male
citizens nor yet we, the male citizens but we,
the whole people, who formed the Union.
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