Course Introduction and Overview

1
Course Introduction and Overview

• Pradondet Nilagupta
• Spring 2001
• (original notes from Randy Katz, UC Berkeley)

2
Course Info

• Lecturer Pradondet Nilagupta
• Email pom_at_nontri.ku.ac.th
• Homepage http//www.cpe.ku.ac.th/pom/courses/205
  521/204521.html
• Phone [phone] ext 1401
• office rm.1102 Building 1 Engineering Faculty
• Office hours Mon. 4-6 PM. or make an appointment
  
• Lecture hr Mon. 6-9 PM.

3
References Textbook

• Main Textbook (required)
• Computer Architecture a Quantitative Approach 2nd
  Edition, John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson,
  Morgan Kaufmann 1996.
•  Supplement Text
• Advance Computer Architectures A design Space
  Approach, Dezso Sima, Terence Fountain, Peter
  Kacsuk, Addison-Wesley, 1997
• Computer System Design and Architecture, Vincent
  P. Heuring, Harry F. Jordan, Addison-Wesley 1997.
• Computer Organization, V. Carl Hamacher, Zvonko
  G. Vranesic, Safwat G. Zaky,, McGraw-Hill, 1996.
• Computer Architecture, Robert J. Baron, Lee
  Higbie, Addison Wesley 1992.

4
Grading

• 25 Homeworks
• 30 MidtermExam
• 30 Final Exam
• 15 Paper Presentation

5
Topic Coverage

• Fundamentals of Computer Architecture (Chapter 1)
• Instruction Set Architecture (Chapter 2)
• Pipelining and Instructional Level Parallelism
  (Chapter 3, 4)
• Memory Hierarchy (Chapter 5)
• Input/Output and Storage (Chapter 6)
• Computer Arithmetic (Appendix A)
• Vector Processors
• Interconnection Network
• Multiprocessor

6
Related Courses
Strong Prerequisite
Digital Org.
Comp. Arch.
Parallel
Why, Analysis, Evaluation
Parallel Architectures, Languages, Systems
How to build it Implementation details
7
Course Focus

• To Understand the design techniques, machine
  structures, technology factors, evaluation
  methods that will determine the form of computers
  in 21st Century

Parallelism
Technology
Programming
Languages
Applications
Interface Design (Inst. Set Arch.)
Computer Architecture Instruction Set
Design Organization Hardware
Operating
Measurement Evaluation
History
Systems
8
Computer Architecture Is

• the attributes of a computing system as seen
  by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure
  and functional behavior, as distinct from the
  organization of the data flows and controls the
  logic design, and the physical implementation.
• Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964

SOFTWARE
9
Computer Architectures Changing Definition

• 1950s to 1960s Computer Architecture Course
  Computer Arithmetic
• 1970s to mid 1980s Computer Architecture
  Course Instruction Set Design, especially ISA
  appropriate for compilers
• 1990s Computer Architecture CourseDesign of
  CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors,
  Networks
• 2010s Computer Architecture Course Self
  adapting systems? Self organizing structures?DNA
  Systems/Quantum Computing?

10
Computer Architecture Topics (1/2)
Input/Output and Storage
Disks, WORM, Tape
RAID
Emerging Technologies Interleaving Bus protocols
DRAM
Coherence, Bandwidth, Latency
Memory Hierarchy
L2 Cache
L1 Cache
Addressing, Protection, Exception Handling
VLSI
Instruction Set Architecture
Pipelining, Hazard Resolution, Superscalar,
Reordering, Prediction, Speculation
Pipelining and Instruction Level Parallelism
11
Computer Architecture Topics (2/2)

M
P
M
P
M
P
M
P
S
Interconnection Network
Processor-Memory-Switch
Topologies, Routing, Bandwidth, Latency, Reliabili
ty
Multiprocessors Networks and Interconnections
12

• Throughout this text we will focus on optimizing
  machine cost per performance

13
The Task of Computer Designer

• determine what attribute are important for a new
  machine
• design a machine to maximize cost performance

• What are these Task?
• instruction set design
• function organization
• logic design
• implementation
• IC design, packaging, power, cooling.

14
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)

• refer to actual programmer visible instruction
  set
• serve as the boundary between software and
  hardware
• must be designed to survive changes in hardware
  technology, software technology, and application
  characteristic.
• i.e. 80xx, 68xxx,80x86

15
Organization and Hardware (1/2)

• organization includes high-level aspect of
  computer design such as
• memory system
• bus structure
• internal CPU
• arithmetic, logic, branch, data transfer are
  implemented
• i.e.. SPARC2, SPARC 20 has same instruction set
  but different organization

16
Organization and Hardware (2/2)

• Hardware used to refer to specific of a machine
• detailed logic design
• packaging technology of machine

machine identical ISA and nearly identical
organization but they differs in detailed
hardware implementation i.e. 2 version of
Silicon Graphics Indy differ in clock rate and in
detailed cache structure
17
Choosing between 2 designs

• What should the computer architect aware of in
  choosing between two designs?
• design complexity
• complex design take longer to complete, this
  means a design will need to have higher
  performance to be competitive
• design time both hardware and software

18
Computer Engineering Methodology
Technology Trends
19
Computer Engineering Methodology
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks
Benchmarks
Technology Trends
20
Computer Engineering Methodology
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks
Benchmarks
Technology Trends
Simulate New Designs and Organizations
Workloads
21
Computer Engineering Methodology
Evaluate Existing Systems for Bottlenecks
Implementation Complexity
Benchmarks
Technology Trends
Implement Next Generation System
Simulate New Designs and Organizations
Workloads
22
Early Computing

• 1946 ENIAC, us Army, 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
• 1949 UNIVAC I, 250K, 48 systems sold
• 1954 IBM 701, Core Memory
• 1957 Moving Head Disk
• 1958 Transistor, FORTRAN, ALGOL, CDC DEC
• Founded
• 1964 IBM 360, CDC 6600, DEC PDP-8
• 1969 UNIX
• 1970 FLOPPY DISK
• 1981 IBM PC, 1st Successful Portable (Osborne1)
• 1986 Connection Machine, MAX Headroom Debut

23
Underlying Technologies
Year Logic Storage Prog. Lang. O/S 54 Tubes core
(8 ms) 58 Transistor (10?s) FORTRAN 60 ALGOL,
COBOL Batch 64 Hybrid (1?s) thin film
(200ns) Lisp, APL, Basic 66 IC (100ns) PL/1,
Simula,C 67 Multiprog. 71 LSI (10ns) 1k
DRAM O.O. V.M. 73 (8-bit ?P) 75 (16-bit
?P) 4k DRAM 78 VLSI (10ns) 16k DRAM Networks 80
64k DRAM 84 (32-bit ?P) 256k DRAM ADA 87 ULSI 1M
DRAM 89 GAs 4M DRAM C 92 (64-bit ?P) 16M
DRAM Fortran90
Generation Evolutionary
Parallelism
24
Context for Designing New Architectures

• Application Area
• Special Purpose (e.g., DSP) / General Purpose
• Scientific (FP intensive) / Commercial
• Level of Software Compatibility
• Object Code/Binary Compatible (cost HW vs. SW)
• Assembly Language (dream to be different from
  binary)
• Programming Language Why not?

25
Context for Designing New Architectures

• Operating System Requirements for General Purpose
  Applications
• Size of Address Space
• Memory Management/Protection
• Context Switch
• Interrupts and Traps
• Standards Innovation vs. Competition
• IEEE 754 Floating Point
• I/O Bus
• Networks
• Operating Systems / Programming Languages

26
Predictions for the Late 1990s (1/2)

• Technology
• Very large dynamic RAM 64 MBits and beyond
• Large fast Static RAM 1 MB, 10ns
• Complete systems on a chip
• 10 Million Transistors
• Parallelism
• Superscalar, Superpipeline, Vector,
  Multiprocessors
• Processor Arrays

27
Predictions for the Late 1990s (2/2)

• Low Power
• 50 of PCs portable by 1995
• Performance per watt
• Parallel I/O
• Many applications I/O limited, not computation
• Computation scaling, but memory, I/O bandwidth
  not keeping pace
• Multimedia
• New interface technologies
• Video, speech, handwriting, virtual reality,