Title: Human Anatomy (BIOL 1010)
1Human Anatomy(BIOL 1010)
- E. Goffe
- eggoffe_at_ccri.edu
- Office 1132F (Providence)
2What is Anatomy?
- Anatomy ( morphology) study of bodys structure
- Physiology study of bodys function
- Structure reflects Function!!!
- Branches of Anatomy
- Gross Large structures
- Surface Landmarks
- Histology Cells and Tissues
- Developmental Structures change through life
- Embryology Structures form and develop before
birth
3Hierarchy of the Body
- Molecules?made of chemicals (4 macromolecules in
body) - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
- Cells?made of molecules
- cells and organelles
- Tissue?made of cells
- epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
- Organs?made of tissues
- made of gt1 type of tissue
- Systems?made of organs
- 11 systems in human body
- Organisms?made of systems
4Anatomical Directions
- Anatomical position
- Regions
- Axial vs. Appendicular
- Anatomical Directions-Its all Relative!
- Anterior (ventral) vs. Posterior (dorsal)
- Medial vs. Lateral
- Superior (cranial) vs. Inferior (caudal)
- Superficial vs. Deep
- Proximal vs. Distal
- Anatomical Planes
- Frontal Coronal
- Transverse Horizontal Cross Section
- Sagittal
5Embryology growth and development of the
body before birth
- 38 weeks from conception to birth
- Prenatal period
- Embryonic weeks 1-8
- Fetal weeks 9-38
- Basic adult body plan shows by 2nd month
- Skin epidermis, dermis
- Outer body wallmuscle, vertebral column and
spinal cord - Body cavity and digestive tubes
- Kidney and gonads
- Limbsskin, muscle, bone
6Weeks 5-8 and Fetal Period
- Second month, tadpole ? person
- Tail disappears
- Head enlarges
- Extremities form (day 28, limb buds appear)
- Eyes, nose, ears form
- Organs in place
- Fetal Period
- Rapid growth and maturation
- Organs grow and increase in complexity
competence
74 Types of Tissue
- Epithelium
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
8Tissues groups of cells closely associated that
have a similar structure and perform a related
function
- Four types of tissue
- Epithelial covering/lining
- Connective support
- Muscle movement
- Nervous control
- Most organs contain all 4 types
- Tissue has non-living extracellular material
between its cells
9EPITHELIAL TISSUE sheets of cells cover a
surface or line a cavity (tissue type
1)
- Functions
- Protection
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Ion Transport
- Slippery Surface
10Characteristics of Epithelium
- Cellularity
- Specialized Contacts
- Polarity
- Apical vs. Basal
- Supported by Connective Tissue
- Avascular
- Innervated
- Regenerative
11Classification of Epithelium-based on number of
layers and cell shape
- Layers
- Simple
- Stratified
- Psuedostratified
- Stratified layers characterized by shape of
apical layer - Shapes
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Transitional
12Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium
- Microvilli (ex) in small intestine
- Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of
apical epithelial cell - Increase surface area for absorption
- Cilia (ex) respiratory tubes
- Whip-like, motile extension of plasma membrane
- Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way
- Flagella (ex) spermatoza
- Extra long cilia
- Moves cell
13Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium
- Cells are connected to neighboring cells via
- Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate
- Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together
- Cell Junctions
- Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides linked
by - proteins/filaments, holds tissues
together - Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma membrane
of - adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes
- Gap junction- spot-like junction occurring
anywhere - made of hollow cylinders of protein, lets
small molecules pass
14Features of the Basal Surface of Epithelium
- Basement membrane Sheet between the epithelial
and connective tissue layers - Attaches epithelium to connective tissue below
- Basal lamina thin, non-cellular, supportive
sheet Made of proteins - Superficial layer
- Acts as a selective filter
- Assists epithelial cell regeneration by moving
new cells - Reticular fiber layer
- Deeper layer
- Support
15Glands epithelial cells that make and secrete a
water-based substance w/proteins
- Exocrine Glands
- Secrete substance onto body surface or into body
cavity - Have ducts (simple vs. compound)
- Unicellular (goblet cells) or Multicellular
(tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar) - (ex) salivary, mammary, pancreas, liver
16Glands epithelial cells that make and secrete a
water-based substance w/proteins
- Endocrine Glands
- Secrete product into blood stream
- Either stored in secretory cells or in follicle
surrounded by secretory cells - Hormones travel to target organ to increase
response (excitatory) - No ducts
- (ex) pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, thyroid
174 Types of Connective Tissue
- Connective Tissue Proper
- Cartilage
- Bone Tissue
- Blood
18Connective Tissue (CT) most abundant and
diverse tissue(tissue type 2)
- Four Classes
- Functions include connecting, storing carrying
nutrients, protection, fight infection - CT contains large amounts of non-living
extracellular matrix - Some types vascularized
- All CT originates from mesenchyme
191) Connective Tissue Proper
- Two kinds Loose CT Dense CT
- Prototype Loose Areolar Tissue
- Underneath epithelial tissue
- Functions
- Support and bind to other tissue
- Hold body fluids
- Defends against infection
- Stores nutrients as fat
- Each function performed by different kind of
fiber in tissue
20Fibers in Connective Tissue
- Fibers For Support
- Reticular form networks for structure support
(ex) cover capillaries - Collagen strongest, most numerous, provide
tensile strength - (ex) dominant fiber in ligaments
- Elastic long thin, stretch and retain shape
- (ex) dominant fiber in elastic cartilage
21In Connective Tissue Proper
- Fibroblasts cells that produce all fibers in CT,
produce secrete protein subunits to make them,
produce ground matrix - Interstitial (Tissue) Fluid derived from blood
in CT proper medium for nutrients, waste
oxygen to travel to cells found in ground matrix - Ground Matrix (substance) part of extra-cellular
material that holds and absorbs interstitial
fluid, jelly-like with sugar protein molecules
22Defense from Infection
- Areolar tissue below epithelium is bodys first
defense - Cells travel to CT in blood
- Macrophages-eat foreign particles
- Plasma cells-secrete antibodies, mark molecules
for destruction - Mast cells-contain chemical mediators for
inflammation response - White Blood Cells neutrophils, lymphocytes,
eosinophils-fight infection - Ground substance cell fibers-slow invading
microorganisms
23Specialized Loose CT Proper
- Adipose tissue-loaded with adipocytes, highly
vascularized, high metabolic activity - Insulates, produces energy, supports
- (eg) in hypodermis under skin
- Reticular CT-contains only reticular fibers
- Forms caverns to hold free cells
- (eg) bone marrow, holds blood cells
- Forms internal skeleton of some organs
- (eg) lymph nodes, spleen
24Dense/Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Contains more collagen
- Can resist extremely strong pulling forces
- Regular vs. Irregular
- Regular-fibers run same direction, parallel to
pull - (eg) fascia, tendons, ligaments
- Irregular-fibers thicker, run in different
directions - (eg) dermis, fibrous capsules at ends of bones
25Components of CT Proper Summarized
Cells Matrix
Fibroblasts Gel-like ground substance
Defense cells -macrophages -white blood cells Collagen fibers Reticular fibers Elastic fibers
Adipocytes
262) Cartilage
- Chondroblasts produce cartilage
- Chondrocytes mature cartilage cells
- More abundant in embryo than adult
- Firm, Flexible
- Resists compression
- (eg) trachea, meniscus
- 80 water
- Avascular (chondrocytes can function w/low
oxygen) - NOT Innervated
- Perichondrium-dense, irregular connective tissue
around cartilage - growth/repair of cartilage
- resists expansion during compression of cartilage
27Cartilage in the Body
- Three types
- Hyaline
- most abundant
- fibrils in matrix
- support via flexibility/resilience
- (eg) at limb joints, ribs, nose
- Elastic
- many elastic fibers in matrix too
- great flexibility
- (eg) external ear, epiglottis
- Fibrocartilage
- resists both compression and tension
- (eg) meniscus, annulus fibrosus
28Components of Cartilage Summarized
Cells Matrix
Chondrocytes Gel-like ground substance
Chondroblasts (in growing cartilage) Lots of water
Some have collagen and elastic fibers
293) Bone Tissue(a bone is an organ)
- Functions
- support (eg) pelvic bowl, legs
- protect (eg) skull, vertebrae
- mineral storage (eg) calcium, phosphate
(inorganic component) - movement (eg) walk, grasp objects
- blood-cell formation (eg) red bone marrow
30Components of Bone
- Matrix
- Mineralized with hydroxyappetite
- Cells
- Osteoblasts secrete organic part of bone matrix
- Osteocytes mature bone cells, maintain bone
matrix - Connective Tissue Proper
- Periosteum external layer of CT surrounds bone
- Endosteum internal layer of CT lines cavities
and covers trabeculae - Both contain osteoblasts and osteoclasts
- Bone is well-vascularized, highly innervated
31Bone Anatomy Compact bone
- Compact bone dense, external layer
- Haversian system osteon
- long, cylindrical structures run parallel to long
axis of bone - within each osteon, groups of concentric tubes
(lamella) - Lamella layer of bone matrix all fibers run in
same direction - fibers on each lamella runs in opposite
directions to one near it - Haversian canal-runs through center of osteon,
contain blood vessels and nerves - Interstitial Lamella- pieces of bone matrix
between osteon - Osteocytes between osteons
32Bone Anatomy Spongy bone
- Spongy bone (cancellous bone) internal layer
- Trabeculae small, needle-like pieces of bone
form honeycomb - each made of several layers of lamellae
osteocytes - no canal for vessels
- space filled with bone marrow
- not as dense, no direct stress at bones center
33Shapes of Bones
- Flat skull, sternum, clavicle
- Irregular pelvis, vertebrae
- Short carpals, patella
- Long femur, phalanges, metacarpals,
humerus
34Anatomy of a Long Bone
- Diaphysis
- Medullary Cavity
- Nutrient Art Vein
- 2 Epiphyses
- Epiphyseal Plates
- Epiphyseal Art Vein
- Periosteum
- Outer Dense irregular CT
- Inner Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
- Does not cover epiphyses
- Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers
- Endosteum
- Osteoblasts, osteoclasts
- Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity
352 Types of Bone Formation
- Endochondral Ossification All other bones
- Begins with a cartilaginous model
- Perichondrium becomes replaced by periosteum
- Cartilage calcifies
- Medullary cavity is formed by action of
osteoclasts - Epiphyses grow and eventually calcify
- Epiphyseal plates remain cartilage for up to 20
years - Intramembranous Ossification
- Membrane bones most skull bones and clavicle
- Osteoblasts in membrane secrete osteoid that
mineralizes - Trabeculae form between blood vessels, thickens
to become compact bone at periphery - Osteocytes maintain new bone tissue
- Periosteum forms over it
36Bone Growth Remodeling
- GROWTH
- Appositional Growth widening of bone
- Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of
periosteum - Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts
- Lengthening of Bone
- Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts
- Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and
disintegrate) - Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side
- REMODELING
- Due to mechanical stresses on bones, their tissue
needs to be replaced - Osteoclasts-take up bone ( breakdown) release
Ca2 , PO4 to body fluids from bone - Osteoblasts-form new bone by secreting osteoid
- Ideally osteoclasts and osteoblasts work at the
same rate!
37Components of Bone Tissue Summarized
Cells Matrix
Osteocytes Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
Osteoblasts Collagen fibers
384) Blood Atypical Connective Tissue
- Function
- Transports waste, gases, nutrients, hormones
through cardiovascular system - Helps regulate body temperature
- Protects body by fighting infection
- Derived from mesenchyme
- Hematopoiesis production of blood cells
- Occurs in red bone marrow
- In adults, axial skeleton, girdles, proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur
39Blood Cells
- Erythrocytes (RBC) small, oxygen-transporting
- most abundant in blood
- no organelles, filled w/hemoglobin
- pick up O2 at lungs, transport to rest of body
- Platelets Thrombocytes fragments of cytoplasm
- plug small tears in vessel walls, initiates
clotting - Leukocytes (WBC) complete cells , 5 types
- fight against infectious microorganisms
- stored in bone marrow for emergencies
40Components of Blood Summarized
Cells Matrix
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Plasma (liquid matrix)
Leukocytes (white blood cells) NO fibers
Platelets
41Muscle Tissue (tissue type 3)
- Muscle cells/fibers
- Elongated
- Contain many myofilaments Actin Myosin
- FUNCTION
- Movement
- Maintenance of posture
- Joint Stabilization
- Heat Generation
- Three types Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
42Skeletal Muscle Tissue(each skeletal muscle is
an organ)
- Cells
- Long and cylindrical, in bundles
- Multinucleate
- Obvious Striations
- Skeletal Muscles-Voluntary
- Connective Tissue Components
- Endomysium-surrounds fibers
- Perimysium-surrounds bundles
- Epimysium-surrounds the muscle
- Attached to bones, fascia, skin
- Origin Insertion
43Cardiac Muscle
- Cells
- Branching, chains of cells
- Single or Binucleated
- Striations
- Connected by Intercalated discs
- Cardiac Muscle-Involuntary
- Myocardium-heart muscle
- Pumps blood through vessels
- Connective Tissue Component
- Endomysium surrounding cells
44Smooth Muscle Tissue
- Cells
- Single cells, uninucleate
- No striations
- Smooth Muscle-Involuntary
- 2 layers-opposite orientation (peristalsis)
- Lines hollow organs, blood vessels
- Connective Tissue Component
- Endomysium surrounds cells
-
45Nervous Tissue
- Neurons specialized nerve cells conduct impulses
- Cell body, dendrite, axon
- Interneuron between motor sensory neuron in
CNS - Characterized by
- No mitosis (cell replication)
- Longevity
- High metabolic rate
46Nervous Tissue control
- Support cells ( Glial) nourishment, insulation,
protection - Satellite cells-surround cell bodies within
ganglia - Schwann cells-surround axons
- Microglia-phagocytes
- Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheaths around
axons - Ependymal cells-line brain/spinal cord,
ciliated,help circulate CSF - Brain, spinal cord, nerves
47Neuronal Anatomy
- Synapse cell junction where neurons communicate
- One direction presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic
neuron - Presynaptic neuron
- Synaptic vesicles fuses w/presynaptic membrane
- Neurotransmitters released,
- diffuse across
- synaptic cleft, bind to
- postsynaptic membrane
- ?Creates impulse
- (action potential) in
- that neuron
- ?Cycle repeats
48Integumentary System
- Skin
- Epidermis epithelium
- Dermis connective tissue
- Hypodermis connective tissue
- Skin Appendages outgrowths of epidermis
- Hair follicles
- Sweat and Sebaceous glands
- Nails
49Integumentary System
- Functions
- Protection
- Mechanical, thermal, chemical, UV
- Cushions insulates deeper organs
- Prevention of water loss
- Thermoregulation
- Excretion
- Salts, urea, water
- Sensory reception
50Layers of the Epidermis
- Stratum corneum
- Dead keratinocytes
- Stratum lucidum
- Dead keratinocytes
- Stratum granulosum
- Keratinocytes
- Tonofilaments
- Lamellated keratohyaline granules
- Stratum spinosum
- Keratinocytes
- Tonofilaments
- Langerhans cells
- Stratum basale
- Keratinocytes
- Melanocytes
- Merkel receptors
51Dermis
- Highly innervated
- Highly vascularized
- Collagen Elastic fibers
- Many cell types
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- White blood cells
- Papillary layer (20)
- Areolar CT
- Hair follicles
- Reticular layer (80)
- Dense Irregular CT
- Glands
- Sebaceous glands
- Sweat glands
- Smooth muscle fibers
52Hypodermis
- Also called superficial fascia
- Areolar Adipose Connective Tissue
- Functions
- Store fat
- Anchor skin to muscle, etc.
- Insulation