The Christian Emergence

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The Christian Emergence
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Questions to Consider

• Edward Gibbons 5 Reasons for Christianitys
  victories
• Inflexible and intolerant
• Promise of resurrection and future life
  juxtaposed with damnation for nonbelievers
• Assertion of Miracles
• Morals as the basis for life
• Non-political focus
• What regulated society prior to the emergence of
  Christianity? (religiously)

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Making Christianity for the People

• How did Augustine contribute to the emergence of
  Christianity?
• Added substance and intellectual respectability
• Encouraged thinking as a part of the religion
• Formation of monk communities
• Emphasized the original sin concept as
  important
• Emphasized that the Church was the authority
• There WAS a Church

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Christianity and Judaism

• How did Christianity compare to Judaism by the
  6th Century?
• More Christians than Jews
• Persecution of Jews
• Convert or leave

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Spreading Christianity

• Explain the following
• For several centuries, Christianity was
  dominated by thousands of dedicated unmarried men
  and Women
• How did this change?
• Why were monks and nuns so useful when
  Christianity first started spreading?
• They were the front lines
• Was Christianity initially focused or fragmented?
  How so?
• Fragmented
• The emphasis was on local bishops, churches, and
  monasteries
• What is the difference and significance of the
  pope and patriarch?

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Christianity Basics

• MONOTHEISTIC
• Trinity (Father, Son, Holy Spirit)
• Mass Appeal
• Anyone can be a member and in good standing
• Ideals organized around the New Testament of the
  Christian Bible
• Small in its first three centuries of existence
• Divides into east and west (Great Schism)
• Pope vs. Patriarch
• Benefits from syncretism
• Allowing new faith to blend and benefit with/from
  old religions (Easter)
• State important but religion more important
• Monastic orders to spread religion (Benedict)

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Pre-Islam Arabia
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What was this region like?

• Population Sparse
• Gender Structure Patriarchal
• Cities were centered around
• trade and religion

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What role did Mecca play in this region?

• Commercial center
• many of the goods in the region moved through
  this city
• Religious Center
• Kaba
• Center of an polytheistic religion
• Site of annual pilgrimage during which warfare
  was suspended
• Religion and trade made some people very rich
• Quraysh tribe
• Settled city and dominated religiously and
  politically

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Who was Muhammad?

• Born 570
• Orphaned at age 2 and raised by uncle Abu Talib
• As a young man, worked in caravan trade
• Married a wealthy Widow
• Khadijah
• With her supporting him, he could spend much of
  his time meditating
• Lived an ordinary life until
• The Night of Power
• The angel Gabriel came to see him and Allah
  speaks to him through Gabriel.
• Muhammad memorizes what will later become the
  suras of the Koran
• Many wives, four daughters

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Muhammad vs. the Quraysh

• Why do they not like Muhammad?
• He is a threat to their status
• As a result of their disdain for him, what
  happens?
• The Hijra 622 CE Muhammad and his followers to
  Medina because of Quraysh threat
• 622 632 Known as the Medina Years
• What happens in 630?
• Muhammad and his 1000s followers to Mecca to
  retake city
• Converts gained along the way
• Makes Kaba a monotheistic center
• Overtime, many Arab people convert to Islam
• Some people convert out of faith and some convert
  out of seeing that Muhammad will win
• 632 Muhammad dies

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The Clash Commences

• Following Muhammads death, who is the clear
  successor?
• No one
• People disagree as to who should lead
• Who are the possible leaders to follow?
• Ali Muhammads cousin and son-in-law
• Quraysh tribe some feel they should be in power
  because they had it before
• Abu Bakr one of the 1st followers, suffered
  along with Muhammad
• Abu Bakr emerges

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5 pillars of Islam
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Whats in a Name?The difference between Islam
and Muslim

• Islam
• The name of the Religion
• Good Usage
• Muhammad founded Islam
• Bad Usage
• He is an Islam

• Muslim
• A follower of the religion or a part of the
  religion of Islam
• Good Usage
• He established a Muslim empire
• Bad Usage
• Muhammad founded Muslim

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Muslim Caliphates

• The Umayyad and Abbasid

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Abraham Ismail Adnan
Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem
(Amneh) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh
Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth
Adbelmuttalib
Muhammad
Ali
Ummayah Dynasty Abbbassides Dynasty
(661-750)
(750-1258)
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Umayyad Caliphate 661 750

• Capital Political center of Islam changed from
  Mecca to Damascus
• Mainly Arab city
• Focus Principle concern was expansion of Islam
• Umayyad conquests brought material wealth to the
  caliphate
• Government Muawiyah adopted Byzantine
  administrative practices
• Authoritarian
• Navy Founded
• Bureaucracy isolated themselves from the general
  public
• Saw themselves as shadows of God on earth
• Problems
• The Arab focus as emphasized by the Umayyad
  ruling elite caused dissension
• The ruling elite equated Islam with Arab descent
• Mawali (Non-Arab Muslims) were discriminated
  against
• This ultimately contributed to the downfall of
  the caliphate and the rise of the Abbasids

Pact of Umar Rights of non-Muslims (dhimmi)
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Abbasid Caliphate 750 - 1258

• Capital moved to the new city of Baghdad
• Population of 1 million in 9th Century
• Became a center of trade and intellectual thought
• Revived Greek classics
• Arabic became the language of science and
  diplomacy
• Religious tolerance flourished
• Focus Conquest was not stressed as it was in the
  Umayyad Caliphate
• Came to power via shiite support but eventually
  changed to sunni
• The new stress was on development of
  administrative institutions, commercial
  enterprise and a legal system
• Higher members of society were no longer warriors
  but now bureaucrats, merchants, and judges
• Abandoned the Arab exclusivity
• Adopted a policy of Muslim equality
• The number of converts increased as conquered
  peoples now saw this as an advantage

Opposite of Europe
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Abbasid Caliphate (contd)

• Government First 150 years were marked by
  political stability and prosperity (Abbasid
  Empire)
• Placed political power in the hands of an
  absolute monarch
• This worked until 945
• At this time, regional dynasties with governors
  who reported to Baghdad developed and took some
  of the power away from the absolute rule of the
  Abbasid Caliphate
• Examples Delhi, Ghazna, Cairo, and Cordoba
• Problems
• Power of empire was diminished
• 1258 Abbasid Caliphate falls when Baghdad was
  sacked by the Hugalus Mongol forces

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Islam

• Islams Emergence as a power and
• The Shiite Sunni Split 680 CE

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History of the Split

• Power struggle following Muhammads death
• The emergence of a caliph
• Successor to the prophet
• Head of the universal Islamic community
• Prominent Caliphs
• Abu Bakr worked to restore breakaway tribes
• Umar worked to stop raiding of tribes from
  Byzantium and Sassanian Iran
• Uthman murdered by mutinous arabs
• Ali wanted to encourage and chosen by many
  (believed to be preferred by M)
• Becomes the caliph but it is challenged by
  Muawiya (EVENTUALLY MURDERED)
• These 4 are known at the rashidun
• Rightly guided caliphs
• Personally connected to Muhammad
• First 100 years
• Reached India(East), Spain (West), North Africa
• Most of the areas remain Muslim until 15th
  century
• Not a big emphasis on conversions because Islam
  was an Arab religion
• Muawiya felt since Uthman was of his tribe, he
  was to be next Caliph
• The meet in battle. ALI almost wins but Ms
  troops want to make a deal

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The Split The Role of Husayn

• Muawiyah succeeded by his son
• Alis son (Husayn)faced Yazid I in the Battle of
  Karbala
• Convinced to engage in battle by partisans (aka
  shia)
• Shia claim he agreed and was motovated by his
  desire to return Islam to a more pure form (non
  secular)
• Martyrdom
• Husayn was killed and became a martyr
• This event was a symbol of the struggle for
  justice and oppression of the Muhams fam

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Shiite

• Belief in religious purity
• Only descendents of Ali could be the imam or
  rightful caliph
• Ali was Muhammads cousin and son-in-law
• The first 11 caliphs were assassinated
• The 11th imams son disappeared and the
  hereditary line ended (Muhammad al-Madhi)
• After this time, twelver Shiism began Leader
  was divine
• They are looking forward to the appearance of the
  madhi or the rightly guided one
• One of the largest holidays is the commemoration
  of Husayns death on which people publicly weep
  and flagellate themselves

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Shiite

• Accounts for 16 of Islam
• Location
• mainly in Iran, Iraq and some in Pakistan and
  India
• Religious purity
• Wanted a caliph who represented Islams religious
  interest and not imperial expansion
• ISLAM IS A RELIGION

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Sunni

• Leader was pious but not a religious figure
• Followers of the Prophet
• 83 of Islam
• look more to the letter of Koran
• Imam is an elected or chosen official
• ISLAM IS A WAY OF LIFE

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Sunni Shiite Differences

• Difference of Beliefs
• Conflict
• View of Allah Sunni believe that Allah has a
  spiritual body (people are not capable of
  understanding his power)
• Shiite see Allah as a spiritual presence
• Shiite also see Ali and Fatimas words as holy
• Sunni see ONLY Mohammad's as holy (others are
  guidance but not holy)
• Shiite Look more to the interpretation of the
  Koran (the hidden meaning al-baten) while Sunni
  take only what is written

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Sufism

• Islamic mysticism
• Renounced worldly goods
• Dedicate themselves to prayer and meditation in
  an effort to emulate the prophet
• Many Muslims were against this but it led to mass
  conversions
• Highly controversial in places like Afghanistan
  under Taliban where it was outlawed

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IslamicART/ARCHITECTURE
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MOSQUE
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MOSQUE COMPONENTS
The mihrab is the position of the person leading
the congregation in prayer Pulpit Platform in
line with Mihrab for Muezzins Imam prayer
leader
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QIBLA
The direction in which the believer orients
himself or herself for salat
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MIHRAB
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MINARET
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PRAYER HALL
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KABA
N, S, E, W Center of the World
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DOME OF THE ROCK
Built over as-Sakhra (the rock), considered the
spot where the prophet Muhammed ended his Night
Journey to Jerusalem and ascended to heaven.
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MOSQUE OF MOHAMMED MEDINA
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ISLAMIC DECORATIC DESIGNS
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INTERIOR BLUE MOSQUE
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BLUE MOSQUE
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ALHAMBRA
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• How does this style of architecture/art differ
  from the Jewish or Christian?
• Why?
• How are Muslim beliefs reflected in their art and
  architecture?

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• III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central
• Conflict between two different systems
• Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism
• Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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• III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• A. Political Divisions and the First Muslim
  Invasions
• First Muslims as traders, 8th century
• attacks lead to invasion
• Muhammad ibn Qasim
• Umayyad general
• takes Sind, Indus valleys
• Indians treated as dhimmi
• B. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization
• Math, medicine, music, astronomy
• India influences Arab

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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• III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• C. From Booty to Empire The Second Wave of
  Muslim Invasions
• 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in
  Afghanistan
• Mahmud of Ghazni
• begins invasion of India
• Muhammad of Ghur
• Persian
• state in Indus valley
• thence to Bengal
• his lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak
• forms state at Delhi
• Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years
• D. Patterns of Conversion
• Converts especially among Buddhists, lower
  castes, untouchables
• also conversion to escape taxes
• Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries

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• III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia
• E. Patterns of Accommodation
• High-caste Hindus remain apart
• Muslims also often fail to integrate
• F. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival
• Bhakti
• devotional cults
• emotional approach
• caste distinctions dissolved
• Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially
• Mira Bai, Kabir,
• songs in regional languages
• G. Stand-off The Muslim Presence in India at
  the End of the Sultanate Period
• Brahmins v. ulama
• gt separate communities

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• IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia
• Shrivijaya
• A. Trading Contacts and Conversion
• Trading leads to peaceful conversion
• Sufis important
• starting with Sumatran ports
• Malacca
• thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java)
• Coastal cities especially receptive
• Buddhist elites, but population converts to
  Islam
• B. Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast
  Asian Islam
• Important mystical strain
• Women in a stronger position
• matrilineal

The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries
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Africa During the Post classical Period
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African Kingdom Similarities and Differences

• Common Elements in African Societies
• Bantu migration
• one language base
• Animism
• cosmology
• ethical code
• lineage important in relation with god
• The Arrival of Islam in North Africa
• Part of Mediterranean
• Arrival of Islam (Spain, by 711)
• Berber Almoravids
• western Sahara, assist conversionAlmohads
• succeed Berbers, 12th century

• The Christian Kingdoms Nubia and EthiopiaCopts
• Egyptian Christians
• welcome Muslims
• spread to Nubia (Kush)
• Ethiopia
• heirs to Axum
• King Lalibela

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Empires of Africa

• II. Kingdoms of the Grasslands
• Caravans across Sahara
• Sahel (grasslands)
• transfer point
• A. Sudanic States
• Rulers sacred
• Islam
• from 900s
• supports state
• B. The Empire of Mali and Sundiata, the Lion
  Prince
• Malinke peoples from Ghana
• Agriculture, gold trade
• Sundiata (d.1260)
• mansa (ruler)
• expanded state

• Mansa Kankan Musa
• pilgrimage to Mecca
• Floods land with gold
• brings back Ishal al-Sahili
• architect from Muslim Spain
• beaten clay architecture

Empires of the Western Sudan
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African Kingdoms

• The Songhay Kingdom (Capital Gao)
• Middle Niger valley
• Independent by 700
• Muslim by 1010
• Sunni Ali (1464-1492)
• expanded territory
• successors askia
• Defeated by Morocco, 1591
• Hausa states, northern Nigeria
• Kano becomes Muslim center
• E. Political and Social Life in the Sudanic
  States
• Fusion of Muslim, indigenous traditions

• City Dwellers and Villagers
• Jenne, Timbuktu
• thrive with expansion of Mali, SonghayMandinka
  juula
• Some merchants
• Religious diffusion?
• Farmers the majority

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Swahili Coast

• The Swahili Coast of East Africa
• Trading ports
• Muslim influence strong
• Rest of population remains traditional
• Significangt cultural diffusion and synthesis
• The Coastal Trading Ports (Mogadishu, Mombasa,
  Malindi, Kilwa, Pate, Zanzibar)
• Dont need to know, just be familiar
• Madagascar
• southeast Asian immigrants, bring bananas,
  coconuts
• Blended culture
• Bantu, Islamic
• Swahili
• spreads along coast
• trade with Asia

The Swahili Coast
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Swahili Coast (contd)

• The Mixture of Cultures on the Swahili Coast
• Islam unifies along with Swahili
• Other Characteristics
• Egalitarian and homogenous to cosmopolitan and
  diverse
• Key Exports
• Ivory, gold, iron, slaves, exotic animals
• Key Imports
• Textiles, Silks, porcelain (China and India)
• When during the year did this take place?
• Two distinct trading seasons
• What was the connection between the Swahili Coast
  and China?
• When did this exchange with China end?