Egypt: Enviromental Case Study

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Egypt Enviromental Case Study

• Autumn Nicholson-Hector Fontanet-Joanna
  Maier-Natasha Carlsen-Nina Jolani

POL 371 Environmental Policy
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Egypt an Introduction

• Information on the land of the Pharaohs and
  Pyramids
• Area 1,001, 449 square kilometers
• The Nile
• Population roughly 80,335,036
• Problems
• Divisions
• Environmental Role

3
Environmental Issues
Within Egypt

• The principal concerns are
• water quality and quantity,
• rapid urban growth,
• air pollution,
• soil loss and
• the environmental consequences of tourism.

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Water Pollution Aswan High Dam and its Effect

• Majority of Egypts water is from the Nile River
• The Aswan High Dam has reduced the flow of the
  Nile which causes the trapping of nutrient-rich
  silt. This silt trapped by the damn once
  fertilized the countrys farmland.
• In order to make up for the loss of the
  nutrient-rich silt, agricultures increase the
  utilization of chemical fertilizers, adding to
  water pollution
• Also employ modern herbicides and pesticides to
  increase crop production, which also add to the
  pollution
• With the Aswan High Dam reducing the flow of the
  Nile River, the concentration of pollutants in
  the remaining Nile River increases.

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Loss of Soil for Agricultural Land

• The Aswan High Dam, causes the year-round
  irrigation of the little available soil to
  accumulate with salt.
• The water seized behind the Dam causes this, it
  leads to the loss of some agricultural land.
• Another cause of agricultural land loss is the
  effect of urbanization from the large
  populations.
• Only 4 of land is suitable for agriculture.
• Soil fertility has continued to decline due to
  over cultivation.

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• With 97 of Egypts land is classified as desert
  land,
• the land area in Egypt that is actually occupied
  is only 5,
• with less than 4 of the land being suitable for
  agriculture.
• Because such a small percentage of Egypts land
  mass is habitable, population densities average
  in some locations along the Nile River greater
  than 1,000 people per square kilometer.

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Water Pollution Sewage Disposal

• Egypts highly population dense cities produce an
  average of 3.0 million tons of solid waste per
  year. In the rural areas although,
• only 79 of the population have sufficient
  sanitation disposal amenities available
• the city of Cairo, with a population of 15
  million people, has half of its raw sewage
  carried to the sea in open sewers.
• Approximately 100 of 120 towns in Egypt do not
  have sewer systems present at all.
• Even with the current sewer systems in Cairo,
  they are sub-par.
• In December of 1982, a large area of the city was
  flooded with untreated waste and was unable to
  temporarily provide tap water for about 10 of
  its population due to the bursting of a sewer
  main.

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Egypt Ranks 16th Worst Place in World Sanitation
Table

• Proper disposal of waste would help protect
  people from diseases arising from water
  contamination, such as typhoid, diarrhea, polio,
  bilharzia and hepatitis C.
• Twenty percent of global infant mortality is
  accounted for by diarrhea, a problem in Egypt due
  to contaminated water.

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Tourism Its downfalls

• The inadequately controlled erection of new
  tourist centers and the waste disposal of such,
  along the eastern coast have corrupted the water
  quality of the Red Sea.

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Coast Line

• Along with the negative effect of tourism comes
  the threat of damaging the delicate desert areas
  and the marine corals along the coast.
• The coast is also affected by the pollution of
  oil, as the
• nations beaches,
• coral reefs,
• and wildlife habitats are in jeopardy.

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Wildlife in Danger

• Less than 1 of Egypts total land area is
  protected wildlife due to environmental issues.
• In 2000, 15 of Egypt's 98 mammal species, 11
  birds, 6 types of reptiles and 1 type of
  amphibian were endangered.
• About 59 of the nation's 2,076 plant species were
  threatened with extinction.
• Endangered species include the Sinai leopard,
  northern bald ibis, and green sea turtle. The
  Bubal hartebeest, Egyptian barbary sheep, and
  Sahara oryx are extinct.

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Environmental Impact of the Transportation Sector

• Major contributor of Greenhouse gasses
• 31.6 million tons of CO2, representing nearly 26
  of the energy-related CO2 emissions in Egypt
• Great deal of smog on urban areas (i.e. Cairo)
• Growth of population, economy and pace of
  urbanization
• Growth greatly outpaced the capacity of the
  public transportation system
• Gap filled by the use of private cars and taxis

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Causes of high emissions from the transportation
sector

• The average vehicle age is relatively old
• Vehicle age averages 10 yrs.
• Less efficient
• Less pollution controls
• Almost all trucks and buses use diesel fuel and
  have old-generation diesel engines
• EXTREMELY DIRTY!
• No Catalytic Converter or Diesel Particle Filter
  (DPF)

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Components of Engine Emissions

• CO (Carbon Monoxide)-Directly linked to deaths
• NOx (NO and NO2)-Acid rain, smog
• HC (Hydrocarbons)-HCNOxground level Ozone
• SOx (SO2, SO3)-Acid rain
• PM (Particulate Matter)-Soot
• CO2(Carbon Dioxide)-Greenhouse gas

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Technology to clean emissions

• Vehicle emissions testing and tuning program
• Newer cars with EGR and Catalytic Convertors
• Newer Fleet Vehicles (Diesels) with DPF
• Using Alternative cleaner fuels
• CNG
• LPG
• Biodiesel
• Hydrogen

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Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program

• Started in Cairo and is progressively spreading
• Initially found that 34 of the cars registered
  in Cairo did not pass emission standards
• Forces cars to be kept under emission levels and
  proper operating performance (efficiency)

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Alternative cleaner fuelsCNG (Compressed
Natural Gas)

• Reduce carbon monoxide emissions 90-97
• Reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
• Reduce nitrogen oxide emissions 35-60
• Potentially reduce hydrocarbon emissions 50-75
• Emit fewer toxic and carcinogenic pollutants
• Emit little or no particulate matter
• Eliminate evaporative emissions
• Already produced in Egypt

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LNG (Liquid Natural Gas)

• Produce half the particulate matter of average
  diesel vehicles
• Significantly reduce carbon monoxide emissions
• Reduce nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbon emissions
  by 50 or more
• Potentially reduce carbon dioxide emissions 25
  depending on the source of the natural gas
• Drastically reduce toxic and carcinogenic
  pollutants
• Increase methane emissions

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Biodiesel

• Produces half the particulate matter
• Produces half the carbon monoxide emission
• Produces less than half the hydrocarbons
• Produces about a 10 more NOx than Diesel
• Significant decrease in SO2 production
• No significant decrease in CO2 emissions
• Ease of application

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Hydrogen

• Extremely clean combustion
• Emits only H2O
• Costly to produce hydrogen
• Costly to implement technology

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Government help

• Vehicle Emissions Testing and tuning program
• The government introduced a smart card system
• a driver can convert their car for free to use
  natural gas
• used to buy natural gas at same price as
  gasoline
• natural gas costs about half as much as gasoline
• the difference would be used to pay for the
  conversion
• Government loans and incentives

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Energy Efficient Efforts in Egypt

• Load Shifting
• Energy Efficient Education and Market Support
• Industry Support
• Standards
• Building Codes
• Renewable Energy
• Cogeneration

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Load Shifting

• Utility billing for Electricity based on
• Energy Use
• Peak Demand (15-30min Intervals)
• Load Shifting reworking your load schedule to
  run in off peak hours.
• Saves reduces stress on the power grid

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Education and Market Support

• Lighting Incandescent to CFLs
• 18 lm/W vs 70 lm/W
• Lifetime 750 hrs vs. 10,000 hrs
• Promotion for local CFL manufacturing
• Energy Efficient Appliances
• Refrigerators
• Washing Machines
• A/C

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Market Support Cont.

• New Energy Efficient Building Codes
• Residential Sector
• Commercial Sector (Draft)
• Similar to US building codes based on ASHRAE 90.1
• Insulation
• Energy Efficient Windows
• Standards for Unconditioned buildings

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Renewable Energy

• Wind Farms
• Provide 600 MW of electric capacity
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Photovoltaic Water Pumping

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Cogeneration

• Cogeneration Combined Heat and Power
• Use steam created for manufacturing processes to
  generate power or use waste heat generated from
  power to create steam.

Steam to Power
Power to Steam
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Egypts Policy Efforts

• Within the Country

President Hosni Mubarak
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Law 48 of 1982, Protection of Nile River
Pollution

• Historical Importance of the Nile
• Uniqueness of Law 48
• clearly defines what is considered a water
  channel
• special budget to be set aside that will help in
  dealing with the consequences of disobeying the
  law
• Article 20 This law will be published in the
  official newspaper and will be put into action
  after 3 months from date of publication. This law
  will be stamped by the official State stamp and
  will be applicable as one of other laws

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Identifying the Issues and forming an Agency

• Egypts Environmental Issues
• Air Water Pollution
• The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency
• Formulation
• Function

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Law 102 of 1983, Natural Protectorates and all
other Environmental Legislations

• A brief synopsis
• was written to protect bodies of surrounding
  water from getting polluted because of cultural,
  scientific, touristic or esthetic value.
• lead in to the current articles that are
  mentioned to protect bodies of water in Law 4.

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Law 4 of 1994

• Protection of Air Environment from Pollution
• Articles 34 to 39
• Article 34 any projects or urban plans must be
  in compliance of the land use. It further
  mentions that such criteria for determination of
  land use may base off of wind direction and or
  distance from habitation.
• Article 35 reinstates all the establishments
  under Annex (2) and specifically notes that there
  must be an assessment of the environmental impact
  of any activity that will take place.
• Article 36 focuses on the limits of air
  pollutants and the establishment of a limit
  permitted by laws and decrees.

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Law 4 of 1994, Cont.
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
1. Vehicles currently in service
2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995

• Article 37 intent is to establish the limits for
  engine and vehicle exhaust, the following
  information from the original Law 4 document
  helps to explain these limits
• 1. Vehicles currently in service
•  
• CARBON MONOXIDE
•  
• 7 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
•  
• UNBURNED HYDROCARBONS
• 1000 parts in a million, at the speed of (600-900
  R.P.M.)
•  
• SMOKES
• 65 degree of opacity or the equivalent in other
  units, at minimum acceleration
•  
• 2. New vehicles licensed as of 1995
•  
• CARBON MONOXIDE
• 4.5 in volume at the speed of (600-900 R.P.M.)
•  

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Law 4 of 1994, Cont.

• Article 38 makes aware that it is prohibited to
  treat or burn any materials or wastes near
  habitations or waterways. Specific guidelines
  have been set in accordance with this article, ex
  That the place where the garbage is incinerated
  stands at a minimum distance of 1.5 kilometers
  from populated, industrial and downwind areas
• Article 39 of the air pollution section
  emphasizes on the specific cleanliness and steps
  that collectors of garbage are to take in order
  to prevent odors as well as attractions of flies
  or other animals in certain areas.

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Law 4 of 1994, Cont.

• Protection of Water Environment from Pollution
• Articles 50-56
• Article 50 all ships that carry oil must report
  if an oil spill occurs. The occurrence must
  entail a description with all the information of
  the oil spill incident.
• Article 51 focuses on the proper equipments of
  ports and the directions needed to dispose waste
  and unclean ballast water.
• Article 52 highlights the process of discharging
  oil in accordance to offshore platforms.
• Article 53 mentions that a guarantee certificate
  must be presented when the tanker enters the
  territorial seas
• Article 54 begins the section 2 which is titled,
  Pollution from Sewage and Garbage. It gives a
  thorough procedure for the discharge of polluted
  waste water from ships and offshore platforms.
• Article 55 states that facilities must be
  provide for ships to deposit waste and they must
  regulate to on cleanliness and sterilization.
• Article 56 is in accordance with the last
  article and implies that the facilities must
  ensure that such waste is not dispersed

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Egypts Environmental Policy Efforts

• On an
• International Level

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International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Actors

• IGOS / NGOs- act to enhance socio-economic
  development, avert humanitarian crisis, and
  address environmental concerns
• Individual State Intervention- foreign aid often
  is stipulated by rational self-interest. USAID
  and CAID cite stability and security of the
  region as the motivation for their sustainable
  development programs.

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International Influence on Egyptian Environmental
Policy Incidents

• Coastal Marine-life demise
• Coral reef bleaching
• Loss of biodiversity
• Erosion
• Degradation of the Nile Basin
• causes erosion and pollution
• limited water/ less seasonal flooding
• partnership of the NBI

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International Influences on Egyptian
Environmental Policy Threats

• Climate Change refugees and IDPs
• Israels Dimona
• Reactor

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International Treaties or Conventions Ratified
or Signed

• 1935 Flora and Fauna
• May 9th 1988 Vienna Convention
• May 2nd 2003 Stockholm Convention
• Jan. 12th 2005 Kyoto Protocol