Respiratory tract pathology

1
Respiratory tract pathology

• Premed 2
• Pathophysiology

2
(No Transcript)
3
Common Upper respiratory tract Disorders

• Acute rhinitis
• -common cold
• -adenovirus
• Allergic rhinitis
• -type I hypersensitivity reaction
• -mast cells, basophils
• Bacterial infection
• -superimposed infection
• -common bacteria Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
  Hemophilus

4

• Sinusitis
• -inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
• Laryngitis
• -edema, inflammation, hoarseness
• Acute epiglotitis
• -severe, children
• -Hemophilus influenzae

5

• Acute laryngotracheobronchitis
• -croup
• -inflammation of the larynx, trachea and
  epiglottis
• -viral infection

6
Malignancies of the URT

• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• -SEA and Africa
• -Epstein-Barr virus
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• -most frequently occurring tumor

7
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease

• Airflow obstruction
• Decrease in 1-minute forced expiratory volume
• Increased/normal forced vital capacity
• Bronchial asthma
• Chronic bronchitis
• Pulmonary emphysema
• Bronchiectasis

8
Bronchial asthma

• Episodes of dyspnea
• Wheezing on expiration
• Smooth muscle hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal glands
  and goblet cells
• Viscid mucus with Curschmann spirals and
  Charcot-Leyden crystals

9
Chronic bronchitis

• Productive cough that occurs for 3 consecutive
  months in 2 consecutive years
• Hyperplasia of the bronchial submucosal
  glands?increased Reid index
• Reid index ratio of the thickness of the gland
  layer to that of the bronchial wall
• Cigarette smoking
• Air pollution
• Infection
• Complication cor pulmonale

10
Chronic bronchitis
11
Emphysema

• Dilatation of the air spaces
• Destruction of the alveolar walls
• Lack of elastic recoil
• Increased antero-posterior diameter of the chest
• Hypoxia, cyanosis, respiratory acidosis
• Cigarette smoking
• Hereditary alpha-antitrypsin deficiency

12
Bronchiectasis

• Permanent abnormal bronchial dilatation
• Chronic infection
• Inflammation and necrosis of the bronchial wall
• Copious pururlent sputum
• Hemoptysis
• Lung abscess

13

• Predisposing factor
• -bronchial tumor
• -Kartagener syndrome sinusitis, bronchiectasis,
  situs inversus

14
Respiratory Distress Syndrome

• Surfactant
• decreases the surface tension of the alveoli
• needed for alveoli to fill with air and expand
  (compliance)
• Infant respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline
  membrane disease)
• Adult respiratory distress syndrome

15
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

• Hyaline membrane disease
• Most common cause of death in premature infants
• Dyspnea, cyanosis, tachynea after birth
• Deficiency of surfactant dipalmitoyl lecithin
  from type II pneumocytes

16
HMD

• Predisposing factors
• prematurity
• maternal diabetes
• caesarean section

17
Pneumoconiosis

• Anthracosis carbon dust
• Coal workers pneumoconiosis coal dust
• Silicosis free silica dust
• Asbestosis asbestos fibers ? ferruginous bodies
• -brochogenic carcinoma
• -malignant mesothelioma

18
Bronchogenic carcinoma

• Directly proportional to the number of cigarettes
  smoked daily and the number of years
• Air pollution
• Radiation radium, uranium
• Asbestos
• Nickel, chromates

19
Bronchogenic carcinoma

• 5-year survival rate 10
• Cough
• hempotysis
• bronchial obstruction
• Local extension pleura, pericardium, ribs

20
Bronchogenic carcinoma