Welcome to

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• Welcome to
• Psychology 101
• Introductory Psychology
• Instructor Evette Samaan
• Book Myers, David G. (2002). Exploring
  Psychology, 5th Edition.
• E-mail Giseladora_at_AOL.com

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History of Psychology

• Psychology is a fairly new science.
• Until the 19th century it was not recognized as a
  separate field of study.
• The birth of psychology as a formal science can
  be traced back to 1879.
• It was founded by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig,
  Germany.
• The use of introspection

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Defining Psychology

• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior
  and mental processes and how they are affected
  by an organisms physical state, mental state,
  and external environment.

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Specialties in Psychology

• Experimental Psychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Educational Psychology
• Developmental Psychology
• Industrial Psychology
• Psychometric Psychology
• Social Psychology

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Defining Personality

• Personality is a distinctive and stable pattern
  of behavior, thoughts, motives, and emotions that
  characterizes an individual over time.
• This pattern reflects a particular constellation
  of traits and characteristics that describe the
  person across many situations shy, friendly,
  hostile, or brave.

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Measuring Personality

• Projective Tests
• Objective Tests

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Psychological Testing

• Objective Tests
• Also called Inventories
• Measure beliefs, feelings, or behaviors of which
  the individual is aware
• Have more reliability and validity

• Projective Tests
• Designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives

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1- Objective TestsInventories

• The Beck Depression Scale Inventory
• The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale
• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI)
• The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory

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2- Projective Tests

• A psychodynamic measure of personality
• They attempt to measure unconscious motives,
  feelings and conflicts.
• Example Rorschach Inkblot Test the client
  reports what he sees in the inkblots and the
  clinician interprets the answers according to the
  symbolic meaning emphasized by the psychodynamic
  theories.

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The Rorschach Projective Test
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Theories of Personality

• 1- The Trait Perspective
• 2- The Psychodynamic Perspective
• 3- The Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
• 4- The Biological Theory
• 5- The Humanist and Existential Theories

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1- Trait PerspectiveGordon Allport(1897-1977)

• 1- Cardinal Traits
• Are of overwhelming importance to the individual
  and influence almost everything the person does.
• Example nonviolence
• Gandhi and Martin Luther King

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2- Central Traits Reflect a characteristic way of
behaving, dealing with others, and reacting to
new situations. Example the persons attitude
towards the world (negative or positive) 3-
Secondary Traits They include habits, opinions,
and preferences for colors or food, for example.
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The Big Five

• Introversion vs. Extroversion
• Neuroticism or Emotional Instability
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Openness to Experience

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• Which of the five robust factors enhance the
  persons well-being?
• Which of them inhibit the persons well-being?

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2-The Psychodynamic Theories(You Are What You
Were)

• Freud
• Psychoanalysis
• a- The Structure of Personality
• b- Psychosexual Stages
• c- Defense Mechanisms

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Freud, Psychoanalysis
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Structure of Personality

• Id
• Pleasure principle
• Life death instincts
• Immediate gratification
• Ego
• Reality Principle
• Superego
• Ego Ideal moral and social standards
• Conscience the inner voice

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Structure of Personality
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Psychosexual Stages

• 1- Oral Stage (0-2)
• 2- Anal Stage (2-3)
• 3- The Phallic Stage (3-6)
• 4- The Latency Stage (6-12)
• 5- The Genital Stage (12-18)

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Examine the life of a rapist in light of Freuds
Psychosexual stages and structure of personality.

• What happened during each stage?
• Was he fixated at any stage?
• What principle does he operate by?
• What structure of personality is dominant?
• What is his famous sentence?
• Describe him in one word.
• Is there a balance between the function of the id
  and the superego? Why?

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Defense Mechanisms

• 1- Repression
• 2- Projection
• 3- Displacement
• 4- Regression
• 5- Denial
• 6- Sublimation
• 7- Reaction Formation

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• Describe the condition this person is in, in
  terms of
• Defense mechanisms
• The condition he/she is in
• Whether he/she is liberated
• Whether he/she has a clear understanding of the
  concept of salvation and the new birth in Christ

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I Like It Here

• They told me on the other side
• Of the raging River of Change,
• There is nowhere to hide.
• But it sounds a bit strange,
• Here my feelings are inside,
• My heart has a guarded gate, whats in cant go
  outside,
• And no one can investigate.

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• They told me on the other side
• Everything will seem clear, turning on the light
  inside
• Will make the dark disappear.
• But it is a long , long ride,
• No, thank you my dear,
• I need a place to hide.
• So, since I like it here,
• Its here where Ill reside.

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• Change, I truly dont know,
• Why would I go to neverland
• Just that I may grow?
• Here I know where I stand,
• I know how things will go.
• Why must I leave my land
• Drop my act for a new show?
• Change is not drawing near,
• Cause I certainly like it here.

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Erik Erikson (1909-1994)Psychosocial Stages

• 1- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 ½)
• 2- Autonomy vs. Shame Doubt (1 ½ -3)
• 3- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6)
• 4- Competence vs. Inferiority (6-12)
• 5- Identity vs. role confusion (12-18)
• 6- Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood)
• 7- Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood)
• 8- Ego Integrity vs. Despair (older adulthood)

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Freud Erikson

• Psychosexual stages
• 5 stages of development
• Sexual motivation
• If issues arent resolved, fixation occurs
• End sexually mature adult (adolescence)

• Psychosocial stages
• 8 developmental stages
• Psychological and social motivation
• At each stage there is a crisis that must be
  resolved
• Development is an ongoing process

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• What happened to these people? In which stage did
  the crisis occur?
• Someone who is insecure
• Someone with low self-esteem
• Someone with an inferiority complex
• Someone whos shy
• Someone who is insecure about his sexual
  orientation
• Someone who has difficulty establishing healthy
  relationships
• Someone with a midlife crisis
• Someone whos terrified of death

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3- The Social-Cognitive School(You Are What You
Think Observe)

• 1- Locus of Control
• Julian Rotter
• 2- Self-efficacy
• Albert Bandura
• 3- Latent Learning
• Edward Tolman

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The Social-Cognitive SchoolThree Principles

• Learning
• Cognition
• Social Behavior

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Reciprocal Determinism

• Personal-cognitive factors interact with the
  environment to influence peoples behavior.

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Julian RotterLocus of Control

• Internal (Internals)
• Tend to believe they are responsible for what
  happens to them

• External (Externals)
• Tend to believe that they are victims of luck,
  fate, or others

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Choose Your Locus of Control

• 1- a. Many of the unhappy situations are partly
  due to bad luck.
• b. Peoples misfortunes result from
  mistakes they make.
• 2- a. Becoming a success is a matter of hard
  work luck has little or nothing to do with it.
• b. Getting a job depends mainly on being
  in the right place at the right time.

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Reciprocal Determinism in Locus of Control

• Expectations
• Affect
• What happens (environment behavior)

• What happens
• Affect
• Expectations

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Albert BanduraSelf-efficacy Is Derived from

• Experiences in mastering new skills
• Vicarious experiences provided by successful
  people
• Encouragement and persuasion
• Physiological and emotional state

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Self-efficacy
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Reciprocal Determinism in Self-efficacy

• Belief in your abilities
• Affects
• What happens to you (Behavior environment)

• What happens to you
• Affects
• Your belief in your abilities

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Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter (1966, 82, 90) A. Bandura (1994, 1995) E. Tolman (1938)
External/Internal Locus of control Self-efficacy Latent Learning
Generalized Ex- pectancies Observation Imitation Cognitive Map
Reciprocal Determinism Reciprocal Determinism Insight
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• Which comes first, the biology or the belief?

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Biology Belief

• Genesists
• You will be disposed to seek out situations that
  let you express your biologically influenced
  trait.
• You are an active person then you play sports

• Social Cognitive Theory
• You will seek situations in which you believe you
  can behave a certain way.
• You believe youre good in sports then you play
  sports

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3- The Biological Perspective(You Are What
Youre Born)

• 1- Ethology
• 2- Developmental Neuroscience

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Ethological TheoriesKonrad Lorenz

• Behavior is influenced by biology.
• Imprinting is the rapid, innate learning within
  a limited period of time that involves
  attachment to the first moving object.
• Critical period is a very early period in
  development in which certain behaviors optimally
  occur.

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Developmental Neuroscience

• The study of the development of brain structures
  and the relations between brain structures and
  functions and behavior

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5- The Humanist Existentialist Theories

• Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Rollo May (1909-1994)

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Abraham Maslow

• Hierarchy of Needs
• 1- Safety Physiological Needs
• 2- Emotional Psychological Needs
• 3- Self-acctualization

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Carl Rogers

• Congruence
• Relationship between self and organism
• Unconditional Positive Regard
• Self-fulfillment

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CongruenceSelf Organism

• Self
• Your conscious view of yourself
• The way you want to be based on peer, parental,
  and societal pressures

• Organism
• Sum of all of your experiences
• Who we really are
• Others and the environment give us feedback on
  who we really are

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ExistentialismRollo May

• Difficult and Tragic Aspects of the Human
  Condition
• Freedom of Choice
• Absence of any obvious meaning or sense to life

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Which Approach is Right?

• Consider the behavior of an alcoholic person.
• What led to this lifestyle?
• What are the factors to be considered?
• Biological cultural
• Social/family cognitive
• Emotions personality

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SongThe Greatest Love of All

• I believe the children are our future
• Teach them well and let them lead the way.
• Show them all the beauty they possess inside.
• Give them a sense of pride
• to make it easier
• Let the childrens laughter
• remind us how we used to be.
•  

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Everybody is looking for a hero People need
someone to look up to. I never found anyone who
fulfilled my needs A lonely place to be And so I
learned to depend on me. I decided long ago Never
to walk in anyones shadow.
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If I fail, if I succeed, At least I lived as I
believe. No matter what they take from me, They
cant take away my dignity Because the greatest
love of all is happening to me. I found the
greatest love of all inside of me. The
greatest love of all is easy to
achieve. Learning to love yourself Is the
greatest love of all.
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What theory does the song represent?

• Is she self-actualized?
• Did she have unconditional positive regard?
• Where her psychological needs met?
• What did she do with her free will?
• What is her locus of control?
• Describe her self-efficacy now.
• Is she on her way to self-actualization, or she
  is stuck somewhere in the hierarchy of needs?

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Who or Which Theory would most likely State the
Following Statements

• Choose from the following
• Freud, Wilhelm Wundt, Psychodynamic
  psychologist, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, Abraham
  Maslow, Bandura, Rotter, Lorenz, existentialism,
  humanism, ecological, Erikson, Skinner, Pavlov,
  social-learning, Thorndike

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• 1- My theory emphasizes the unconscious dynamics
  within the individual.
• 2- I reject that behavior is determined by
  unconscious dynamics or the environment.
• 3- I say that people have freedom of choice, but
  this freedom entails anxiety.
• 4- I believe that people can reach their full
  potential when treated with unconditional
  positive regard.
• 5- I would like to call my psychology the third
  force.
• 6- My psychology compares the human brain to a
  computer.
• 7- I believe that fully functioning people show
  congruence or harmony between self and organism.
• 8- According to me, sexuality is very important
  in development.
• 9- I believe that people develop over the life
  span in 8 stages

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• 10-I talk about the hierarchy of needs.
• 11-I talk about imprinting.
• 12-People learn by observation and insight.
• 13-I talk about the locus of control.
• 14-I talk about the reciprocal determinism in
  self-efficacy.
• 15-I believe that the structure of personality
  consists of the id, ego, and superego.
• 16-There are 4 levels of the environment
  microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and
  macrosystem.
• 17-The study of the relations between brain
  structures and functions and behavior.
• 18-I established the first psychological lab.

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• 19-I talk about the law of effect.
• 20-I coined the expression classical
  conditioning.
• 21-I coined the expression operant
  conditioning.
• 22-Learning occurs in the environment in which
  stimuli elicit responses.
• 23-I experimented with dogs to measure the amount
  of saliva they produced when listening to the
  sound of a bell.
• 24-I talk about 4 stages of cognitive
  development.
• 25-Children acquire knowledge in a quantitative
  as well as qualitative manner.