Heterotrophic Nutrition

1
Heterotrophic Nutrition

• By Abdul Manap Mahmud

2
Introduction

• Definitions of heterotrophic on the Web
• Refers to organisms, such as animals, that depend
  on preformed organic molecules from the
  environment (or another organism) as a source of
  nutrients/energy.www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/far
  abee/BIOBK/BioBookglossH.html
• Requiring organic substrates for growth and
  development being incapable of synthesizing
  required organic materials from inorganic
  sources. (20)ppathw3.cals.cornell.edu/glossary/De
  fs_H.htm
• obtaining nourishment from organic substances,
  not from food produced within the
  organism.www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/canwaters-eauxcan/bbb-
  lgb/library-bibliotheque/glossary-glossaire/index_
  e.asp

3
Introduction

• unable to derive energy from photosynthesis or
  from inorganic chemical reactions, and so
  dependent on energy-containing organic compounds
  derived from the current or prior existence of
  other organisms, cf. AUTOTROPHIC.www.mycolog.com/
  GLOSSARY.htm
• Describing consumers, organisms that cannot
  synthesize food from inorganic materials and
  therefore must use the bodies of other organisms
  as a source of energy and body-building
  materials.biology.usgs.gov/st/noframe/z999.htm
  
• An organism incapable of producing organic
  compound from inorganic materials and thus must
  rely on other living or dead organisms for its
  food supply.www.botanyvt.com/pages/dictionary.shtm
  l
• requiring ready formed organic food.gmbis.marineb
  iodiversity.ca/BayOfFundy/glossE-H.html

4
Source of Carbon
5
Source of Carbon
6
Source of Carbon

• The concentration of carbon in living matter
  (18) is almost 100 times greater than its
  concentration in the earth (0.19).
• So living things extract carbon from their
  nonliving environment. For life to continue, this
  carbon must be recycled.

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Source of Carbon

• Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and
  dissolved in water (forming HCO3-)
• Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral CaCO3)
• Deposits of coal, petroleum, and natural gas
  derived from once-living things
• Dead organic matter, e.g., humus in the soil

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Source of Carbon

• Carbon enters the biotic world through the action
  of autotrophs
• primarily photoautotrophs, like plants and algae,
  that use the energy of light to convert carbon
  dioxide to organic matter.
• and to a small extent, chemoautotrophs bacteria
  and archaeans that do the same but use the energy
  derived from an oxidation of molecules in their
  substrate.

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Source of Carbon

• Carbon returns to the atmosphere and water by
• Respiration (as CO2)
• Burning
• Decay (producing CO2 if oxygen is present,
  methane (CH4) if it is not.

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Source of Carbon
11
Source of Carbon
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Source of Carbon

• Definitions of Chemoheterotroph on the Web
• A chemoheterotroph is an organism that must
  consume organic molecules for both energy and
  carbon. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemoheterotroph

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Omnivores
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Omnivores

• Definitions of Omnivores on the Web
• Animals that feed on material of both plant and
  animal originwww.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm
• Animals that eat many different kinds of foods,
  including plants, insects, and other
  animals.www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
• Eats live prey and plantsboxturtlesite.org/glos.h
  tml
• The category of animals that feed on both plants
  and animals. (omni-, all -vore,
  eater)www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwildlife/
  www13.htm
• such as bears and humans, eat both meat and
  plants.www.teachervision.fen.com/page/5485.html
• Omnivores are organisms that consume both plants
  and animals. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivores

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Omnivores

• Omnivores eat plants, but not all kinds of
  plants.
• Omnivores can't digest some of the substances in
  grains or other plants that do not produce fruit.
  
• They can eat fruits and vegetables, though. Some
  of the insect omnivores in this simulation are
  pollinators, which are very important to the life
  cycle of some kinds of plants.

Large Omnivores
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Omnivores
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Omnivores

• Some animals dont fit neatly into a single
  category because they have wider tastes. These
  animals, that feed on a combination of plants and
  animals, are called Omnivores.

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Carnivores
19
Carnivores

• Definitions of carnivores on the Web
• Term applied to a heterotroph, usually an animal,
  that eats other animals. Carnivores function as
  secondary, tertiary, or top consumers in food
  chains and food webs.www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty
  /farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.html
• Animals that feed on other animals or material of
  animal origin.www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/glossary.htm
• Organisms that mainly prey upon
  animals.highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0070294267
  /student_view0/glossary_a-d.html

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Carnivores

• Animals and a few plants that consume dead or
  living animal food.museum.gov.ns.ca/mnh/nature/nh
  ns2/glossary.htm
• carnivores feed strictly on meatwww.fi.edu/fellow
  s/fellow6/feb99/terms1.html
• The category of animals that prey or feed upon
  animals and insects. (carni-, flesh vore-,
  eater)www.dfr.state.nc.us/stewardship/wwwildlife/
  www13.htm
• Meat eaterswww.promotega.org/uga30006/Vocabulary.
  htm

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Carnivores

• are flesh-eating animals, like lions.www.teacherv
  ision.fen.com/page/5485.html
• These are animals and mammals that eat other
  animals and mammals, also called flesh-eaters
  see food chainwww.recycle4schools.org.uk/ecodic
  t_c.htm
• Animals that have meat as the main part of their
  diet.www.tictoc.co.uk/Phase3/Resource/glossary.ht
  ml
• Carnivores are animals that eat a diet consisting
  mostly of meat. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivores

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Symbiosis
23
Symbiosis

• Definitions of symbiosis on the Web
• A mutually beneficial association of two
  different kinds of organisms.www.planthealthcare.
  com/terms.html
• To live together a condition in which two
  animals, two plants, or a plant and an animal
  live in partnership. The relationship can be that
  of commensalism, where one organism benefits from
  activities of the other parasitism, where one
  organism lives on another to the detriment of its
  host or mutualism, where both organisms benefit
  from the association.www.fish.washington.edu/natu
  remapping/mollusks/glossary.html
• the living together of unlike organisms in a
  close, long-lasting association.www.anbg.gov.au/g
  lossary/webpubl/lichglos.htm

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Symbiosis

• The intimate living together of two dissimilar
  organisms in a mutually beneficial
  relationship.www.visionlearning.com/library/pop_g
  lossary_term.php
• An interactive association between two or more
  species living together may be parasitic,
  commensal, or mutualistic. The relationship
  between two organisms.www.emc.maricopa.edu/facult
  y/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossS.html
• An ecological relationship between organisms of
  two different species that live together in
  direct contact.nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/Primate
  s/glossary.cfm

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Symbiosis

• A mutually beneficial relationship between two
  organisms.www.powen.freeserve.co.uk/Reference/Glo
  ssary/gloss-s.htm
• A close, prolonged association between two or
  more different organisms of different species
  that may, but does not necessarily, benefit each
  member.www.freakinfucus.co.uk/primers/prm_gloss.h
  tm

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Symbiosis

• Most of the interactions between species involve
  food
• competing for the same food supply
• eating (predation)
• avoiding being eaten (avoiding predation)

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Symbiosis

• In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair
  benefits from the relationship. The other member
  may be
• injured parasitism
• relatively unaffected ( commensalism)
• may also benefit ( mutualism).

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Symbiosis

• Mutualism
• Symbiotic relationships in which each species
  benefits are mutualistic. There are hundreds of
  examples of mutualism between a heterotroph and
  an alga.

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Symbiosis

• Paramecium bursaria is a ciliate that engulfs
  unicellular green algae into vacuoles within its
  cell.
• The paramecium certainly benefits from the food
  synthesized by the alga. It can be cultured apart
  from the alga but then must be given extra food.
• The alga presumably benefits from the carbon
  dioxide produced by its host as well as the
  host's ability to transport it to a spot where
  there is ample light.

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Symbiosis

• Many other aquatic heterotrophs
• sponges
• sea anemones
• planarians
• clams
• also harbor algae within their cells.

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Symbiosis

• liberating toxins, for example,
• Tetanus bacilli secrete tetanus toxin which
  interferes with synaptic transmission.
• Diphtheria bacilli secrete a toxin that inhibits
  protein synthesis by ribosomes.
• The relationship between parasite and host varies
  along a spectrum that extends from

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Symbiosis

• Mutualistic relations between plants and fungi
  are very common. The fungus invades and lives in
  or among the cortex cells of the secondary roots.
  The association is called a mycorrhiza.

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Symbiosis

• The fungus helps the host plant absorb inorganic
  nitrogen and phosphorus from the soil. Some
  mycorrhizal fungi also secrete antibiotics which
  may help protect their host from invasion by
  parasitic fungi and bacteria.

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Symbiosis

• Many mushrooms are the spore-forming bodies of
  mycorrhizal fungi. The truffle View is often
  found in oak forests because the fungus that
  produces it establishes mycorrhiza on oak roots.

35
Symbiosis

• Parasitism
• A parasite is an organism that
• lives on or in the body of another organism (the
  host)
• from whose tissues it gets its nourishment, and
• to whom it does some damage

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Symbiosis

• "hit and run" parasites that live in their host
  for a brief period and then move on to another
  with or without killing the first to
• parasites that establish chronic infections. Both
  parasite and host must evolve to ensure the
  survival of both because if the parasite kills
  its host before it can move on, it destroys its
  own meal ticket.
• Link to further discussion.

37
Symbiosis

• Animals are parasitized by viruses, bacteria,
  fungi, protozoans, flatworms (tapeworms and
  flukes), nematodes, insects (fleas, lice), and
  arachnids (mites).
• Plants are parasitized by viruses, bacteria,
  fungi, nematodes, and a few other plants.
• Parasites damage their host in two major ways
• consuming its tissues, e.g., hookworms

38
Symbiosis

• Commensalism
• A symbiotic relationship in which one species
  benefits and the other is not affected.www.emc.ma
  ricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossC.htm
  l
• Commensalism is a situation in which two
  organisms are associated in a relationship in
  which one benefits from the relationship and the
  other is not affected much. The two animals are
  called commensals. An example pf commensalism is
  vermiliads (plants living on trees in
  rainforests) and frogs the frogs get shelter and
  water from the vermiliad but the vermiliad is
  unaffected. Commensalism is a type of symbiosis.
  COMPANION CELL A companion cell is a type of cell
  that pumps nutrients (sugars) into phloem
  cells.www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/g
  lossary/indexc.shtml
• When two organisms coexist, one organism
  benefits, the other is not affected.www.alken-mur
  ray.com/glossarybug.html

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Symbiosis

• A symbiotic relationship in which one member is
  benefited and the second is neither harmed nor
  benefited.highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/00702942
  67/student_view0/glossary_a-d.html
• A form of symbiosis in which only one of the
  animals benefits from the relationship.www.reefed
  .edu.au/glossary/c.html
• One organism benefits while the other is neither
  harmed nor benefits. Example Moss growing on
  trees benefits by being raised above the forest
  floor competition, while the tree doesn't get
  anything out of the deal either
  way.www.nps.gov/olym/edgloss.htm
• The interaction of two or more dissimilar
  organisms where the association is advantageous
  to one without

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Symbiosis

• Definitions of Amensalism on the Web
• An inter-organism interaction in which one
  organism negatively impacts another organism
  without receiving any direct benefit
  itself.www.sustainableag.net/glossary_a-d.htm
• A type of symbiotic relationship in which one of
  the partners in the interaction is inhibited and
  the other is unaffected.www.pestmanagement.co.uk/
  lib/glossary/glossary_a.shtml
• Amensalism is an interaction between two species
  where one impedes or restricts the success of the
  other while not being affected, positively or
  negatively, by the presence of the other. Usually
  this occurs when one organism exudes as part of
  its normal metabolism a chemical compound
  detrimental to another organism.
  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amensalism

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Feeding Mechanism
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Feeding Mechanism

• Definitions of Filter feeding on the Web
• Straining food particles from water that is
  pumped through or over a gill surface.www.seagran
  t.wisc.edu/outreach/nis/Attack_Pack/Fact20Sheets/
  terms.htm
• feeding by taking sea water into the mouth then
  forcing it out through the matted, sieve-like
  bristles of the baleen plates. Food suspended in
  the water, such as small schooling fish and
  plankton, is trapped inside the mouth cavity as
  the water exists.gmbis.marinebiodiversity.ca/BayO
  fFundy/glossE-H.html
• filtering suspended food particles from water
  current by means of the gill rakerswww.deh.gov.au
  /coasts/species/marine-fish/glossary.html
• Obtaining food by passing water through a
  filtering mechanism.www.50ftdredge.com/EIS/EIS_19
  .1.html
• Filter feeders (also known as suspension feeders)
  are animals that feed by straining suspended
  matter and food particles from water, typically
  by passing the water over a specialized
  structure, such as the baleen of baleen whales.
  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_feeding

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Feeding Mechanism

• How a filter feeder obtains food
• Stream of water carries particles/food
• In through siphon
• Mucus on gills traps particles
• Cilia transport particles/water current (along
  food groove) towards mouth
• Enzymes in intestine breakdown food
• Carbohydrates absorbed as monomers

The Antarctic krill manages to directly utilize
the minute phytoplankton cells
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Feeding Mechanism

• How a filter feeder creates a feeding current
• Cilia
• Beating/ moving rhythmically

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Feeding Mechanism

• Extra-cellular digestion
• Body consists of thin threads (hyphae)
• Hyphae secrete enzymes that diffuse through wall
  onto food
• Enzymes hydrolyse materials in food to monomers
• Monomers then absorbed into hyphae by F.D. and
  A.T.
• In fungi (e.g. saprophytic fungi), cilia not
  involved in moving food

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Feeding with Tentacles

• When feeding, these animals project tentacled
  structures out of the tube to catch food
  particles in the flowing water. By using cilia on
  their tentacles, these worms select particles
  based on size.

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Detritus feeding

• detritus, consists of bacteria and the remains of
  finely chopped up algae and decaying fragments of
  animals, as well as countless numbers of stranded
  microscopic, one-celled green plants which are
  called diatoms.

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Biting Chewing Mouthpart

• Biting and chewing food is a multisensory task
  that requires a high level of coordination of all
  parts of the mouth.

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Biting Chewing Mouthpart

• chewing mouthparts have toothed jaws that bite
  and tear the food (beetles, cockroaches, ants,
  caterpillars, and grasshoppers).
• piercing-sucking mouthparts are usually long
  slender tubes that are forced into plant or
  animal tissue to suck out fluids or blood.
  (mosquitoes, aphids).
• sponging mouthparts are tongue-like structures
  that have spongy tips to suck up liquids or food
  that can be made liquid by the insect's vomit
  (house flies, blow flies).
• siphoning mouthparts are long tubes used for
  sucking nectar (butterflies, moths).

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Fluid feeding

• An external type of digestion is sucking or fluid
  feeding. A wide variety of animals and insects
  are adapted to take in liquid food, either from
  plants or animal juices. All spiders use sucking
  as their digestive means. They inject digestive
  enzymes into the prey and allow the exoskeleton
  to contain the juice as internal body parts are
  liquified.

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Herbivorous

• Definitions of Herbivorous on the Web
• plant-eating.www.mountedsquadhorses.com/glossary.
  html
• describes an organism that eats plant
  matterwww.bigelow.org/edhab/glossary.html
• Feeding primarily on vegetation.www.uvm.edu/jdec
  her/GoT.html
• her-BIV-or-us feeding on plants (see also
  phytophagous and carnivorous).members.aol.com/YES
  edu/glossary.html
• Feeding on plants. For example, animals such as
  moose and snowshoe hares are herbivorous.www.hubb
  ardbrook.org/education/Glossary/Glossary.htm

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Herbivorous Strategies

• Cranial fermentors or ruminants have a large,
  multicompartmented section of the digestive tract
  between the esophagus and true stomach. These
  forestomachs house a very complex ecosystem that
  supports fermentation. Examples of ruminants are
  cattle, sheep and deer.
• Caudal fermentors, also known as cecal digestors,
  are similar to dogs and humans through the
  stomach and small intestine, but their large
  intestine, where fermentation occurs, is complex
  and exceptionally large. Examples of cecal
  digestors include horses and rabbits.

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Herbivorous

• Ruminants can utilize dietary starch, but very
  little of it is absorbed as glucose.
• Rather, starch and other soluble carbohydrates
  are fermented to volatile fatty acids in the
  forestomachs.
• In contrast, starch fed to a horse is digested to
  glucose by amylase and maltase in the small
  intestine, and that glucose is absorbed across
  the epithelium into blood.

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Herbivorous
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