Title: Nursery Production
1Nursery Production
2Warm up
- What types of food and food products are produced
here? What is this place considered?
3Essential Question
- How are nurseries classified?
4Nurseries Over Time
- 1st started in the US 1644 Mass.
- Fruit tree industry
- Early 17 and 1800s
- Orchardists nursery worker who deals with fruit
trees - Prince Nursery 1757
- Sold trees to his neighbors
- Started commercial production
- produce for a specific market.
5Nurseries start to grow
- Jackson and Perkins
- 1864 specializing in small fruits
- 1879 small roses
- Nurseries in Midwest have ties to big cities (New
York) - 1890 4500 nurseries over 173,000 acres
- 2/3 are small and supply local markets
6Nurseries experience change and still grow!
- 1912 National Plant Quarantine Act
- Prohibited importation of certain plants
- Parcel Post
- Allowed for sending packages, starting mail order
catalogs - 1974 CA is the largest producer
- Today 5 billion annually
- CA, FL, VA, OR top producers
7Changes in the Industry Today
- Increased efficiency through
- Production
- 1950s drip irrigation is introd, 1960s fertilizer
injectors invented, 1970 trickle irrigation for
fields - Facilities
- more energy efficient and environmentally sound
building materials
8Changes in the Industry Today
- Materials
- New plant varieties, more designer plants
patented, better fertilizers and chemicals - Market
- More rapid delivery, computers, Internet, Martha
Stewart, Rising interest in gardening
9Categories of Nurseries
- Based on Types of Sales
- 1. Retail nurseries sell products to the
homeowner/general public. - 2. Wholesale nurseries sell to a retail or broker
nursery. This is the most rapidly growing segment
of the nursery industry. - 3. Mail order nurseries sell their product
through the mail system using catalogs to market
their product. May be wholesale or retail. - 4. Broker or re-wholesaler is a nursery that
functions as a middleman to connect buyers with
specific plant material. They sell their product
at wholesale level prices.
10Categories of Nurseries
- By job description
- 1. Landscape nurseries specialize in selling and
often installing landscaping plant materials. - 2. Nursery only nurseries only sell landscape
plant material. - 3. Garden center nurseries sell their product
retail. Have an expanded product line including
garden tools, seeds, fertilizers, craft items,
and other horticultural products.
11Categories of Nurseries
- By product produced
- 1. Field grown specifically trees, shrubs, or
other landscape plants grown in a field to a
saleable size. - 2. Containerizedplants grown in containers to a
saleable size. - 3. Both containerized and field grown.
- 4. Specialty cropexamples might include aquatic
plants, turf, marsh plants, etc.
12Categories of Nurseries
- By Crop produced
- Fruit
- Ornamental
- Roses, Shade and flowering plants, Shrubs,
groundcovers - Forest and conservation
- Reforestation, conservation efforts
- Linear plants
- Grown for propagation/production of new plants
13Activity
- Vocabulary activity
- Each group represent in a poster drawing a
category of nursery production. - Use only pictures to represent.
14Warm Up
- What do you think could have happened to this
tree?
15Essential Question
- What are common costs in Nurseries?
16Specialty Nurseries
- Research
- Quarantine
- Hold plant material from outside the US
- Re-wholesale
- Non-for-profit
- Educational- high schools, colleges, etc
- Governmental
17Costs in Nursery Industry
- Land Cost largest most important business
purchase - LaborThis is the business workforce
- paid, hourly, salaried, commission or piece rate.
- Transportation and market can determine the
success or failure of a market - Utilities
- availability, cost, type
- Competition anyone competing for your companies
18Environmental effects on Nurseries
- Environment effects the growth of plant
- Temperature regulated by wind, solar radiation,
humidity - Maximum(highest), Minimum(lowest), Average
- Hardiness plants ability to withstand cold
temps - Moisture water in the form of rainfall or
irrigation - Maintains turgid in plants
19Environmental effects continued
- Moisture continued
- Distribution heavy rainfall leaching, slower
plant growth, increase in pathogens. - Quality pH levels, fertility, chemicals
- Quantity How much? When?
- Wind
- Evaporation liquid to gas
- Erosion surface material transported elsewhere
20Environmental effects continued
- Soil type and topography
- Drainage removal of excess water
- pH
- Holding capacity water and air the soil can hold
for a certain time - Air quality
- Plant pests
- Natural light
21Nursery Tools and Types
- Production bring plant to sellable size
- Shade houses protect plants from wind,
temperature extremes, rain, hail, and sun. Made
of wood lath or shade cloth. - Overwintering houses keeping plants above ground
over winter - Cold storage cold storage for crops
- Shipping and Receiving
- Head house
- Storage areas
- Business offices
22Nursery Tools and types
- Propagation production of new plants
- Cold frame wooden or concrete block frame with a
glass or polyethylene cover that is heated by the
sun. - germinating seeds, rooting cuttings,
overwintering plants - Hot frame similar to a cold frame but has
additional heat supplied by electric cables or
hot water pipes. - germinating seeds, rooting cuttings or
overwintering more temperate plants.
23Hardiness Zone
- Used by nursery operators to productively grow
plants - Zone Map
- ID 11 zones in the US by average minimum temps
- Produced by USDA, always updated
- Importance
- Young plants container plants are more
sensitive to temps - Helps with plant selection
- Your zone will determine what plants you grow and
precautions you need to take
24Hardiness Zone Map
25Vocabulary
- Head house
- Hotbed
- Liner plant
- Mail order nurseries
- Mass-marketers
- Moisture
- Orchardist
- Over wintering
- Quarantine
- Retail nurseries
- Shade houses
- Turgid
- Wholesale nurseries
- Broker or re-wholesaler
- Cold frame
- Cold storage
- Commercial production
- Competition
- Containerized
- Drainage
- Erosion
- Evaporation
- Field grown
- Garden center nurseries
- Hardiness
26Activities
- Review Quiz 1
- Vocabulary?
27Nursery Production
28Warm Up
- Which of these are produced in a nursery?
29Essential Question
- What are the proper nursery field practices?
30Lining Out
- Definition the process of transplanting
seedlings or cuttings into the field to grow to a
saleable size. - Transplanting moving plants from one location to
another - Linear stock/ Linear plant refers to plants that
are lined out
31Linear Plants/ Linear Stock
- Stem cuttings
- Hardwood deciduous and evergreen
- Semi- hardwood
- Herbaceous
- Leaf cuttings
- Leaf-bud cuttings
- Root-cuttings
- Seedlings
32Seedlings Review
- Treated prior to planting
- Scarification breaking or softening the seed
coat to allow the absorption of moisture - Stratification chilling the seeds before
germination
33Lining out Methods
- Prepare land before transplanting
- grading, rototilling, soil testing, pre-plant
fertilization - Check for disease or damage
- Set at proper depth
- Pack soil around the transplant
- Water transplants immediately
- Fertilizer when appropriate
34Proper Nursery Practices
- Watering
- Very important, 80 of plant is water, cooling,
plant growth - Need of water influenced by
- Weather, wind, soil, time of year, and plant
- Irrigation watering artificially
- Fertilizing
- Prior to planting liners
- Test soil
- pH 6.5-7.5
35Proper Nursery Practices continued
- Staking attaching an upright support to the tree
- Pruning
- Correct structural weakness, shape young trees
- Leader main growing point and the tip end of the
trunk, supports the canopy of the tree - Prune deciduous trees in winter
36Proper Nursery Practices
- Root-Pruning
- Done year before plant is harvested
- U shaped blade cuts roots
- Helps plant grow, without an extensive root
system (easy to transplant) - Weed control
- Seedling and liner production
- Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
pre-emergent herbicides. - Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
fall.
37Proper Nursery practices
- Weed Control
- Container production
- Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
pre-emergent herbicides. - Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
fall. - Field production
- Summer annual weedspre-emergent herbicide.
- Perennial weedsfall application of herbicide.
38Nursery Schedules
- Activity
- Groups will be given a type of plant produced in
a nursery setting - Represent the paragraph in photographs
- Each paragraph is describing a schedule for
caring of nursery plants
39Warm Up
- What do all these have in common?
40Essential Question
- What are common nursery pests?
41Common Pests
- Pests can become a LARGE problem quickly
- Insects
- Weeds
- Disease
42Common Pests- Animals
- Rabbits
- Damage chew bark, eat shoots
- Control enclosures, repellents,
- Favorite Plants fruit trees, crab apples,
flowering dogwood, and sweet gum
- Deer
- Damage trample small plants, eat soft new growth
- Control diversion feeders, repellents
- Favorite arborvitae plants, birches
43Common Pests
- Mice
- Damage Girdle plants, dig holes
- chew the bark at the base of the plant disrupting
moisture and energy flow - Control removal of habitat (weeds etc)
- Favorites birches, arborvitae
- Humans
- Damage physical and mechanical damage
- Control EDUCATION!!!
- Favorite Plants unable to determine
44Common Pests Winter Injury
- Usually aesthetic and minor
- Damage broken branches, frozen apical
growth/buds, lower bark damage, frost cracks
(prone to thin barked trees) and frost heaving - Control proper plant selection, wind breaks,
anti-desiccants - Chemicals sprayed on the plant to conserve
moisture - Favorite Plants evergreens or containerized
plants
45Nursery Tools
- Hand tools
- Spade- harvests plant material
- Shovel- removal of soil, mulch, etc
- Hand pruners- for small jobs
- Small pruning saw- large to medium branches
- Caliper- measures tree trunk diameter
46Nursery Tools
- Mechanical
- Computers
- Planters
- Tree diggers
- Lifting and loading
- Packaging and potting
47Activities
- Make an instructional/education brochure about
common pests - Include what the pest is, the damage and what it
looks like, control methods and how to implement
them, favorite plants of the pests - Review Quiz 2
48Vocabulary
- Diversion feeding stations
- Girdling
- Irrigation
- Leader
- Liner stock or liner plants
- Lining out
- Repellents
- Scarification
- Soil pH
- Stratification
- Transplanting
49Nursery Production
- Packaging Nursery Products
50Warm Up
- Why are these easy and safe to transport?
51Essential Question
- What are the 3 types of packaging?
52Types of Packaging
- A. Bare root involves harvesting trees without
taking soil from the field. - B. Balled and burlapped harvesting plants with a
soil ball around the roots. This is usually
covered with burlap. - C. Containerized plants that are grown and then
sold while in containers. The containers may be
made of peat, clay, or plastic.
53Bare Root!
54Balled and Burlapped
55Ball and Burlap- Guidelines
- 1. This procedure can be done at any time of the
growing season, but is most successful in the
spring and fall. - 2. Most of the trees feeder roots are in the top
1215 inches of topsoil, and that up to 60
percent of the feeder roots can extend beyond the
trees drip line. - 3. BB plants may lose up to 95 percent of feeder
roots during transplanting.
56Ball and Burlap- Guidelines
- 4. The materials needed for BB are a spade,
twine, burlap, nursery pinning nails, a caliper,
and a pair of hand pruners or a knife. - 5. BB may also be done with a mechanical digger.
Requires employee training
57Containerized
58Bare Root
- a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
- b. Limited digging/transplanting time.
- c. Special storage facilities needed.
- d. Only successful with certain plants.
- e. Possible decay in storage.
- f. Only used with deciduous plants.
- a. Harvested plants are lightweight.
- b. Shipping is more economical.
- c. Initially less expensive to produce.
- d. Can be dug in dormant seasons.
59B B
- a. May need specialized equipment.
- b. Soil conditions can limit work.
- c. Soil balls are heavy and large.
- d. Product is hard to move.
- e. Shipping is expensive.
- f. More skilled labor is needed.
- g. Long production cycle (210 years).
- a. Can be dug and held for a period of time.
- b. Digging and transplanting season can be
extended. - c. Better for difficult to transplant species.
- d. Larger plants can be harvested.
60Containerized
- a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
- b. Soil dries out quickly.
- c. Susceptible to cold/winter damage.
- d. Plants can become pot bound.
- e. Growing media must be provided
- f. Susceptible to blowing over.
- g. More irrigation needed.
- a. Rapid production cycle.
- b. Faster turnover of invested capital.
- c. Plants are more uniform.
- d. Reduced shipping weight.
- e. No need for land rotation.
- f. Greater number of plants in a smaller area.
- g. Less handling damage.
61Activity- Writing Assignment
- Choose 1 type of packaging previously discussed.
- Write 20 sentences
- 1. Describe why you chose this type of packaging.
- 2. Describe why you WOULD NOT choose the 2 other
types of packaging. - Use the advantages and disadvantages listed in
your notes.
62Storing Nursery Stock
- A. Common or air-cooled storageThese are
insulated underground or frame structures where
air is pulled through to cool the plants, but the
air is not cooled mechanically. - B. Cold/refrigerated storageThese are separate
buildings or large rooms that are mechanically
kept at 2729F or 3240F, depending upon the
stored materials. - Plant tissue must be mature before storing, this
usually occurs after the first major fall frost.
Leaves are removed before storage.
63Defoliation
- The mechanical, chemical, or cultural removal of
leaves. - Done before storage
- Methods
- 1. Chemical leaves fall off after being sprayed
- 2. Mechanical beaters- plant fed into a machine
that removes leaves - 3. Gas Chambers- airtight chambers filled
ethylene gas cause leaves to drop - 4. Sweating plants loosely bundled, heat builds
causing leaves to fall off
64Storage Guidelines
- 1. In the initial handling after plants have been
harvested, they are immediately graded and
sorted, and then either stored or merchandised. - 2. Labeled and graded by size. Small sized
- 3. When storing, plants are usually stacked on
wooden pallets in ricks (stalls) laid
horizontally, with their roots to the aisles.
65Storage Problems
- Drying of Roots
- Mold development
66Measuring Trees
- Caliper tool shaped like a pair of tweezers
- Standard way to measure trees in the industry
67Activity
- Represent in a cartoon strip the directions for
ball and burlapping trees - No words!
68Vocabulary
- Balled and burlapped
- Bare root
- Caliper
- Cold/refrigerated storage
- Common or air-cooled storage
- Containerized
- Defoliation
- Gas chambers
- Mechanical beaters
- Sweating
69Activity
70Nursery Production
71Warm Up
- In this photo, what ways is money being used or
gained?
72Essential Question
- What are some of the jobs a nursery worker might
perform?
73Common Characteristics Of Nursery Jobs
- 1. Most of the work is done outside.
- 2. Sometimes seasonal
- busy seasons are spring and fall.
- 3. Ways to gain training for this job.
- a. Junior college or trade school
- b. Four year college or university
- c. On the job training
74Common Nursery Job Tasks
- 1. Plant propagation
- 2. Soil preparation
- 3. Potting/transplanting
- 4. Watering and fertilizing
- 5. Pest control
- 6. Pruning
- 7. Harvesting and storing
- 8. Grading
- 9. Packaging and shipping
75Nursery Occupations
- President/ownerResponsible for all aspects of
the business. - B. Vice-presidentThis person or people make
decisions about the operation of the nursery - including personnel, facilities, finances, etc.
They are usually in charge of marketing,production
, or management.
76Nursery Occupations
- . SupervisorThis is the plant production
decision maker. Supervisors may specialize in
propagation, pest control, equipment, pruning,
sales, planting, harvesting, or shipping.
77Nursery Occupations
- D. Assistant supervisorsThey may be responsible
for a specific job, crop, or nursery area. - report to a supervisor.
- E. Crew leadersThey are usually in charge of a
group of workers and/or a specific crop. - responsible for the training of the crew.
- F. Crew membersEntry level positionsThese
workers work directly with production of plants.
78Nursery Business Records
- Inventory of stock
- Usually this is taken annually, and verified
through sales and dump records. It can also be
used for tax and ordering purposes. - B. Sales, shipping, and delivery receipts
- These records keep track of where the money goes
and comes from. They are usually referred to as
invoices.
79Nursery Business Records
- Local, Federal and State Business forms
- 1. Payroll recordsTax forms, W2s, work permits,
and employment records. - 2. LicensesPesticide certification, vehicle
registration, and business. - 3. InsuranceWorkmens compensation, liability,
and premium payments. - 4. OSHA information and regulation dealing with
worker safety.
80Nursery Business Records
- Pesticide recordsThis includes an inventory of
chemicals and material safety data sheets,
quarantine, nursery inspection, and training
program records.
81Nursery Advertising
- Goals of advertising
- 1. Sell products
- 2. Get customers into the store
- 3. Introduce new products
- 4. Create an interest or demand for a product
- 5. Create public awareness of a product or company
82Elements of Advertising
- AdvertisingAdvertising is describing a product
in order to entice the customer to buy it.
Advertising can be a large cost in running a
nursery business, but its importance cannot be
overlooked. Money spent on effective advertising
is money well spent. This can be considered
educating the consumer.
83Elements of Advertising
- MarketingMarketing means all functions involved
in the buying or selling of goods or services. - 3. MerchandisingMerchandising is planning,
advertising, and other activities involved in
promoting the sale of a product. - 4. ImageThis is the impression your business
gives to consumers. It can be good, bad, or
indifferent. Advertising and marketing should
strive to make it a good image.
84Types of Advertising
- Print and visualThese ads are available in our
societys media venues. - Magazine ads, newspapers, flyers, brochures,
billboards, direct mail, in store ads, bumper
stickers, plant tags, etc. Radio, T.V., and
Internet ads are popular forms of electronic
advertising.
85Types of Advertising
- Business materialsThese ads have a main goal of
getting the name of the company out to the
customer, but they may also be used to advertise
a product. Signs in front of the store, business
cards, yellow page ads, Internet web sites,
employee uniforms, signs on equipment, etc.
86Vocabulary
- Advertising
- Crew leader
- Crew members
- Invoices
- Marketing
- Merchandising
- Supervisor
87Activities
- Design a Nursery Advertisement
- Review Quiz 4