Nursery Production

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Nursery Production

• Nursery facilities

2
Warm up

• What types of food and food products are produced
  here? What is this place considered?

3
Essential Question

• How are nurseries classified?

4
Nurseries Over Time

• 1st started in the US 1644 Mass.
• Fruit tree industry
• Early 17 and 1800s
• Orchardists nursery worker who deals with fruit
  trees
• Prince Nursery 1757
• Sold trees to his neighbors
• Started commercial production
• produce for a specific market.

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Nurseries start to grow

• Jackson and Perkins
• 1864 specializing in small fruits
• 1879 small roses
• Nurseries in Midwest have ties to big cities (New
  York)
• 1890 4500 nurseries over 173,000 acres
• 2/3 are small and supply local markets

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Nurseries experience change and still grow!

• 1912 National Plant Quarantine Act
• Prohibited importation of certain plants
• Parcel Post
• Allowed for sending packages, starting mail order
  catalogs
• 1974 CA is the largest producer
• Today 5 billion annually
• CA, FL, VA, OR top producers

7
Changes in the Industry Today

• Increased efficiency through
• Production
• 1950s drip irrigation is introd, 1960s fertilizer
  injectors invented, 1970 trickle irrigation for
  fields
• Facilities
• more energy efficient and environmentally sound
  building materials

8
Changes in the Industry Today

• Materials
• New plant varieties, more designer plants
  patented, better fertilizers and chemicals
• Market
• More rapid delivery, computers, Internet, Martha
  Stewart, Rising interest in gardening

9
Categories of Nurseries

• Based on Types of Sales
• 1. Retail nurseries sell products to the
  homeowner/general public.
• 2. Wholesale nurseries sell to a retail or broker
  nursery. This is the most rapidly growing segment
  of the nursery industry.
• 3. Mail order nurseries sell their product
  through the mail system using catalogs to market
  their product. May be wholesale or retail.
• 4. Broker or re-wholesaler is a nursery that
  functions as a middleman to connect buyers with
  specific plant material. They sell their product
  at wholesale level prices.

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Categories of Nurseries

• By job description
• 1. Landscape nurseries specialize in selling and
  often installing landscaping plant materials.
• 2. Nursery only nurseries only sell landscape
  plant material.
• 3. Garden center nurseries sell their product
  retail. Have an expanded product line including
  garden tools, seeds, fertilizers, craft items,
  and other horticultural products.

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Categories of Nurseries

• By product produced
• 1. Field grown specifically trees, shrubs, or
  other landscape plants grown in a field to a
  saleable size.
• 2. Containerizedplants grown in containers to a
  saleable size.
• 3. Both containerized and field grown.
• 4. Specialty cropexamples might include aquatic
  plants, turf, marsh plants, etc.

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Categories of Nurseries

• By Crop produced
• Fruit
• Ornamental
• Roses, Shade and flowering plants, Shrubs,
  groundcovers
• Forest and conservation
• Reforestation, conservation efforts
• Linear plants
• Grown for propagation/production of new plants

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Activity

• Vocabulary activity
• Each group represent in a poster drawing a
  category of nursery production.
• Use only pictures to represent.

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Warm Up

• What do you think could have happened to this
  tree?

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Essential Question

• What are common costs in Nurseries?

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Specialty Nurseries

• Research
• Quarantine
• Hold plant material from outside the US
• Re-wholesale
• Non-for-profit
• Educational- high schools, colleges, etc
• Governmental

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Costs in Nursery Industry

• Land Cost largest most important business
  purchase
• LaborThis is the business workforce
• paid, hourly, salaried, commission or piece rate.
• Transportation and market can determine the
  success or failure of a market
• Utilities
• availability, cost, type
• Competition anyone competing for your companies
  

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Environmental effects on Nurseries

• Environment effects the growth of plant
• Temperature regulated by wind, solar radiation,
  humidity
• Maximum(highest), Minimum(lowest), Average
• Hardiness plants ability to withstand cold
  temps
• Moisture water in the form of rainfall or
  irrigation
• Maintains turgid in plants

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Environmental effects continued

• Moisture continued
• Distribution heavy rainfall leaching, slower
  plant growth, increase in pathogens.
• Quality pH levels, fertility, chemicals
• Quantity How much? When?
• Wind
• Evaporation liquid to gas
• Erosion surface material transported elsewhere

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Environmental effects continued

• Soil type and topography
• Drainage removal of excess water
• pH
• Holding capacity water and air the soil can hold
  for a certain time
• Air quality
• Plant pests
• Natural light

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Nursery Tools and Types

• Production bring plant to sellable size
• Shade houses protect plants from wind,
  temperature extremes, rain, hail, and sun. Made
  of wood lath or shade cloth.
• Overwintering houses keeping plants above ground
  over winter
• Cold storage cold storage for crops
• Shipping and Receiving
• Head house
• Storage areas
• Business offices

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Nursery Tools and types

• Propagation production of new plants
• Cold frame wooden or concrete block frame with a
  glass or polyethylene cover that is heated by the
  sun.
• germinating seeds, rooting cuttings,
  overwintering plants
• Hot frame similar to a cold frame but has
  additional heat supplied by electric cables or
  hot water pipes.
• germinating seeds, rooting cuttings or
  overwintering more temperate plants.

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Hardiness Zone

• Used by nursery operators to productively grow
  plants
• Zone Map
• ID 11 zones in the US by average minimum temps
• Produced by USDA, always updated
• Importance
• Young plants container plants are more
  sensitive to temps
• Helps with plant selection
• Your zone will determine what plants you grow and
  precautions you need to take

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Hardiness Zone Map
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Vocabulary

• Head house
• Hotbed
• Liner plant
• Mail order nurseries
• Mass-marketers
• Moisture
• Orchardist
• Over wintering
• Quarantine
• Retail nurseries
• Shade houses
• Turgid
• Wholesale nurseries

• Broker or re-wholesaler
• Cold frame
• Cold storage
• Commercial production
• Competition
• Containerized
• Drainage
• Erosion
• Evaporation
• Field grown
• Garden center nurseries
• Hardiness

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Activities

• Review Quiz 1
• Vocabulary?

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Nursery Production

• Producing Nursery Crops

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Warm Up

• Which of these are produced in a nursery?

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Essential Question

• What are the proper nursery field practices?

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Lining Out

• Definition the process of transplanting
  seedlings or cuttings into the field to grow to a
  saleable size.
• Transplanting moving plants from one location to
  another
• Linear stock/ Linear plant refers to plants that
  are lined out

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Linear Plants/ Linear Stock

• Stem cuttings
• Hardwood deciduous and evergreen
• Semi- hardwood
• Herbaceous
• Leaf cuttings
• Leaf-bud cuttings
• Root-cuttings
• Seedlings

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Seedlings Review

• Treated prior to planting
• Scarification breaking or softening the seed
  coat to allow the absorption of moisture
• Stratification chilling the seeds before
  germination

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Lining out Methods

• Prepare land before transplanting
• grading, rototilling, soil testing, pre-plant
  fertilization
• Check for disease or damage
• Set at proper depth
• Pack soil around the transplant
• Water transplants immediately
• Fertilizer when appropriate

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Proper Nursery Practices

• Watering
• Very important, 80 of plant is water, cooling,
  plant growth
• Need of water influenced by
• Weather, wind, soil, time of year, and plant
• Irrigation watering artificially
• Fertilizing
• Prior to planting liners
• Test soil
• pH 6.5-7.5

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Proper Nursery Practices continued

• Staking attaching an upright support to the tree
• Pruning
• Correct structural weakness, shape young trees
• Leader main growing point and the tip end of the
  trunk, supports the canopy of the tree
• Prune deciduous trees in winter

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Proper Nursery Practices

• Root-Pruning
• Done year before plant is harvested
• U shaped blade cuts roots
• Helps plant grow, without an extensive root
  system (easy to transplant)
• Weed control
• Seedling and liner production
• Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
  pre-emergent herbicides.
• Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
  fall.

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Proper Nursery practices

• Weed Control
• Container production
• Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
  pre-emergent herbicides.
• Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
  fall.
• Field production
• Summer annual weedspre-emergent herbicide.
• Perennial weedsfall application of herbicide.

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Nursery Schedules

• Activity
• Groups will be given a type of plant produced in
  a nursery setting
• Represent the paragraph in photographs
• Each paragraph is describing a schedule for
  caring of nursery plants

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Warm Up

• What do all these have in common?

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Essential Question

• What are common nursery pests?

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Common Pests

• Pests can become a LARGE problem quickly
• Insects
• Weeds
• Disease

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Common Pests- Animals

• Rabbits
• Damage chew bark, eat shoots
• Control enclosures, repellents,
• Favorite Plants fruit trees, crab apples,
  flowering dogwood, and sweet gum

• Deer
• Damage trample small plants, eat soft new growth
  
• Control diversion feeders, repellents
• Favorite arborvitae plants, birches

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Common Pests

• Mice
• Damage Girdle plants, dig holes
• chew the bark at the base of the plant disrupting
  moisture and energy flow
• Control removal of habitat (weeds etc)
• Favorites birches, arborvitae

• Humans
• Damage physical and mechanical damage
• Control EDUCATION!!!
• Favorite Plants unable to determine

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Common Pests Winter Injury

• Usually aesthetic and minor
• Damage broken branches, frozen apical
  growth/buds, lower bark damage, frost cracks
  (prone to thin barked trees) and frost heaving
• Control proper plant selection, wind breaks,
  anti-desiccants
• Chemicals sprayed on the plant to conserve
  moisture
• Favorite Plants evergreens or containerized
  plants

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Nursery Tools

• Hand tools
• Spade- harvests plant material
• Shovel- removal of soil, mulch, etc
• Hand pruners- for small jobs
• Small pruning saw- large to medium branches
• Caliper- measures tree trunk diameter

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Nursery Tools

• Mechanical
• Computers
• Planters
• Tree diggers
• Lifting and loading
• Packaging and potting

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Activities

• Make an instructional/education brochure about
  common pests
• Include what the pest is, the damage and what it
  looks like, control methods and how to implement
  them, favorite plants of the pests
• Review Quiz 2

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Vocabulary

• Diversion feeding stations
• Girdling
• Irrigation
• Leader
• Liner stock or liner plants
• Lining out
• Repellents
• Scarification
• Soil pH
• Stratification
• Transplanting

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Nursery Production

• Packaging Nursery Products

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Warm Up

• Why are these easy and safe to transport?

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Essential Question

• What are the 3 types of packaging?

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Types of Packaging

• A. Bare root involves harvesting trees without
  taking soil from the field.
• B. Balled and burlapped harvesting plants with a
  soil ball around the roots. This is usually
  covered with burlap.
• C. Containerized plants that are grown and then
  sold while in containers. The containers may be
  made of peat, clay, or plastic.

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Bare Root!
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Balled and Burlapped
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Ball and Burlap- Guidelines

• 1. This procedure can be done at any time of the
  growing season, but is most successful in the
  spring and fall.
• 2. Most of the trees feeder roots are in the top
  1215 inches of topsoil, and that up to 60
  percent of the feeder roots can extend beyond the
  trees drip line.
• 3. BB plants may lose up to 95 percent of feeder
  roots during transplanting.

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Ball and Burlap- Guidelines

• 4. The materials needed for BB are a spade,
  twine, burlap, nursery pinning nails, a caliper,
  and a pair of hand pruners or a knife.
• 5. BB may also be done with a mechanical digger.
  Requires employee training

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Containerized
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Bare Root

• Disadvantages

• a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
• b. Limited digging/transplanting time.
• c. Special storage facilities needed.
• d. Only successful with certain plants.
• e. Possible decay in storage.
• f. Only used with deciduous plants.

• Advantages

• a. Harvested plants are lightweight.
• b. Shipping is more economical.
• c. Initially less expensive to produce.
• d. Can be dug in dormant seasons.

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B B

• Disadvantages

• a. May need specialized equipment.
• b. Soil conditions can limit work.
• c. Soil balls are heavy and large.
• d. Product is hard to move.
• e. Shipping is expensive.
• f. More skilled labor is needed.
• g. Long production cycle (210 years).

• Advantages

• a. Can be dug and held for a period of time.
• b. Digging and transplanting season can be
  extended.
• c. Better for difficult to transplant species.
• d. Larger plants can be harvested.

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Containerized

• Disadvantages

• Advantages

• a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
• b. Soil dries out quickly.
• c. Susceptible to cold/winter damage.
• d. Plants can become pot bound.
• e. Growing media must be provided
• f. Susceptible to blowing over.
• g. More irrigation needed.

• a. Rapid production cycle.
• b. Faster turnover of invested capital.
• c. Plants are more uniform.
• d. Reduced shipping weight.
• e. No need for land rotation.
• f. Greater number of plants in a smaller area.
• g. Less handling damage.

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Activity- Writing Assignment

• Choose 1 type of packaging previously discussed.
• Write 20 sentences
• 1. Describe why you chose this type of packaging.
  
• 2. Describe why you WOULD NOT choose the 2 other
  types of packaging.
• Use the advantages and disadvantages listed in
  your notes.

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Storing Nursery Stock

• A. Common or air-cooled storageThese are
  insulated underground or frame structures where
  air is pulled through to cool the plants, but the
  air is not cooled mechanically.
• B. Cold/refrigerated storageThese are separate
  buildings or large rooms that are mechanically
  kept at 2729F or 3240F, depending upon the
  stored materials.
• Plant tissue must be mature before storing, this
  usually occurs after the first major fall frost.
  Leaves are removed before storage.

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Defoliation

• The mechanical, chemical, or cultural removal of
  leaves.
• Done before storage
• Methods
• 1. Chemical leaves fall off after being sprayed
• 2. Mechanical beaters- plant fed into a machine
  that removes leaves
• 3. Gas Chambers- airtight chambers filled
  ethylene gas cause leaves to drop
• 4. Sweating plants loosely bundled, heat builds
  causing leaves to fall off

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Storage Guidelines

• 1. In the initial handling after plants have been
  harvested, they are immediately graded and
  sorted, and then either stored or merchandised.
• 2. Labeled and graded by size. Small sized
• 3. When storing, plants are usually stacked on
  wooden pallets in ricks (stalls) laid
  horizontally, with their roots to the aisles.

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Storage Problems

• Drying of Roots
• Mold development

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Measuring Trees

• Caliper tool shaped like a pair of tweezers
• Standard way to measure trees in the industry

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Activity

• Represent in a cartoon strip the directions for
  ball and burlapping trees
• No words!

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Vocabulary

• Balled and burlapped
• Bare root
• Caliper
• Cold/refrigerated storage
• Common or air-cooled storage
• Containerized
• Defoliation
• Gas chambers
• Mechanical beaters
• Sweating

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Activity

• Review Quiz 3

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Nursery Production

• Nursery Business

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Warm Up

• In this photo, what ways is money being used or
  gained?

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Essential Question

• What are some of the jobs a nursery worker might
  perform?

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Common Characteristics Of Nursery Jobs

• 1. Most of the work is done outside.
• 2. Sometimes seasonal
• busy seasons are spring and fall.
• 3. Ways to gain training for this job.
• a. Junior college or trade school
• b. Four year college or university
• c. On the job training

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Common Nursery Job Tasks

• 1. Plant propagation
• 2. Soil preparation
• 3. Potting/transplanting
• 4. Watering and fertilizing
• 5. Pest control
• 6. Pruning
• 7. Harvesting and storing
• 8. Grading
• 9. Packaging and shipping

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Nursery Occupations

• President/ownerResponsible for all aspects of
  the business.
• B. Vice-presidentThis person or people make
  decisions about the operation of the nursery
• including personnel, facilities, finances, etc.
  They are usually in charge of marketing,production
  , or management.

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Nursery Occupations

• . SupervisorThis is the plant production
  decision maker. Supervisors may specialize in
  propagation, pest control, equipment, pruning,
  sales, planting, harvesting, or shipping.

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Nursery Occupations

• D. Assistant supervisorsThey may be responsible
  for a specific job, crop, or nursery area.
• report to a supervisor.
• E. Crew leadersThey are usually in charge of a
  group of workers and/or a specific crop.
• responsible for the training of the crew.
• F. Crew membersEntry level positionsThese
  workers work directly with production of plants.

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Nursery Business Records

• Inventory of stock
• Usually this is taken annually, and verified
  through sales and dump records. It can also be
  used for tax and ordering purposes.
• B. Sales, shipping, and delivery receipts
• These records keep track of where the money goes
  and comes from. They are usually referred to as
  invoices.

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Nursery Business Records

• Local, Federal and State Business forms
• 1. Payroll recordsTax forms, W2s, work permits,
  and employment records.
• 2. LicensesPesticide certification, vehicle
  registration, and business.
• 3. InsuranceWorkmens compensation, liability,
  and premium payments.
• 4. OSHA information and regulation dealing with
  worker safety.

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Nursery Business Records

• Pesticide recordsThis includes an inventory of
  chemicals and material safety data sheets,
  quarantine, nursery inspection, and training
  program records.

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Nursery Advertising

• Goals of advertising
• 1. Sell products
• 2. Get customers into the store
• 3. Introduce new products
• 4. Create an interest or demand for a product
• 5. Create public awareness of a product or company

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Elements of Advertising

• AdvertisingAdvertising is describing a product
  in order to entice the customer to buy it.
  Advertising can be a large cost in running a
  nursery business, but its importance cannot be
  overlooked. Money spent on effective advertising
  is money well spent. This can be considered
  educating the consumer.

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Elements of Advertising

• MarketingMarketing means all functions involved
  in the buying or selling of goods or services.
• 3. MerchandisingMerchandising is planning,
  advertising, and other activities involved in
  promoting the sale of a product.
• 4. ImageThis is the impression your business
  gives to consumers. It can be good, bad, or
  indifferent. Advertising and marketing should
  strive to make it a good image.

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Types of Advertising

• Print and visualThese ads are available in our
  societys media venues.
• Magazine ads, newspapers, flyers, brochures,
  billboards, direct mail, in store ads, bumper
  stickers, plant tags, etc. Radio, T.V., and
  Internet ads are popular forms of electronic
  advertising.

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Types of Advertising

• Business materialsThese ads have a main goal of
  getting the name of the company out to the
  customer, but they may also be used to advertise
  a product. Signs in front of the store, business
  cards, yellow page ads, Internet web sites,
  employee uniforms, signs on equipment, etc.

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Vocabulary

• Advertising
• Crew leader
• Crew members
• Invoices
• Marketing
• Merchandising
• Supervisor

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Activities

• Design a Nursery Advertisement
• Review Quiz 4