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Nursery Production

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Title: Nursery Production


1
Nursery Production
  • Nursery facilities

2
Warm up
  • What types of food and food products are produced
    here? What is this place considered?

3
Essential Question
  • How are nurseries classified?

4
Nurseries Over Time
  • 1st started in the US 1644 Mass.
  • Fruit tree industry
  • Early 17 and 1800s
  • Orchardists nursery worker who deals with fruit
    trees
  • Prince Nursery 1757
  • Sold trees to his neighbors
  • Started commercial production
  • produce for a specific market.

5
Nurseries start to grow
  • Jackson and Perkins
  • 1864 specializing in small fruits
  • 1879 small roses
  • Nurseries in Midwest have ties to big cities (New
    York)
  • 1890 4500 nurseries over 173,000 acres
  • 2/3 are small and supply local markets

6
Nurseries experience change and still grow!
  • 1912 National Plant Quarantine Act
  • Prohibited importation of certain plants
  • Parcel Post
  • Allowed for sending packages, starting mail order
    catalogs
  • 1974 CA is the largest producer
  • Today 5 billion annually
  • CA, FL, VA, OR top producers

7
Changes in the Industry Today
  • Increased efficiency through
  • Production
  • 1950s drip irrigation is introd, 1960s fertilizer
    injectors invented, 1970 trickle irrigation for
    fields
  • Facilities
  • more energy efficient and environmentally sound
    building materials

8
Changes in the Industry Today
  • Materials
  • New plant varieties, more designer plants
    patented, better fertilizers and chemicals
  • Market
  • More rapid delivery, computers, Internet, Martha
    Stewart, Rising interest in gardening

9
Categories of Nurseries
  • Based on Types of Sales
  • 1. Retail nurseries sell products to the
    homeowner/general public.
  • 2. Wholesale nurseries sell to a retail or broker
    nursery. This is the most rapidly growing segment
    of the nursery industry.
  • 3. Mail order nurseries sell their product
    through the mail system using catalogs to market
    their product. May be wholesale or retail.
  • 4. Broker or re-wholesaler is a nursery that
    functions as a middleman to connect buyers with
    specific plant material. They sell their product
    at wholesale level prices.

10
Categories of Nurseries
  • By job description
  • 1. Landscape nurseries specialize in selling and
    often installing landscaping plant materials.
  • 2. Nursery only nurseries only sell landscape
    plant material.
  • 3. Garden center nurseries sell their product
    retail. Have an expanded product line including
    garden tools, seeds, fertilizers, craft items,
    and other horticultural products.

11
Categories of Nurseries
  • By product produced
  • 1. Field grown specifically trees, shrubs, or
    other landscape plants grown in a field to a
    saleable size.
  • 2. Containerizedplants grown in containers to a
    saleable size.
  • 3. Both containerized and field grown.
  • 4. Specialty cropexamples might include aquatic
    plants, turf, marsh plants, etc.

12
Categories of Nurseries
  • By Crop produced
  • Fruit
  • Ornamental
  • Roses, Shade and flowering plants, Shrubs,
    groundcovers
  • Forest and conservation
  • Reforestation, conservation efforts
  • Linear plants
  • Grown for propagation/production of new plants

13
Activity
  • Vocabulary activity
  • Each group represent in a poster drawing a
    category of nursery production.
  • Use only pictures to represent.

14
Warm Up
  • What do you think could have happened to this
    tree?

15
Essential Question
  • What are common costs in Nurseries?

16
Specialty Nurseries
  • Research
  • Quarantine
  • Hold plant material from outside the US
  • Re-wholesale
  • Non-for-profit
  • Educational- high schools, colleges, etc
  • Governmental

17
Costs in Nursery Industry
  • Land Cost largest most important business
    purchase
  • LaborThis is the business workforce
  • paid, hourly, salaried, commission or piece rate.
  • Transportation and market can determine the
    success or failure of a market
  • Utilities
  • availability, cost, type
  • Competition anyone competing for your companies

18
Environmental effects on Nurseries
  • Environment effects the growth of plant
  • Temperature regulated by wind, solar radiation,
    humidity
  • Maximum(highest), Minimum(lowest), Average
  • Hardiness plants ability to withstand cold
    temps
  • Moisture water in the form of rainfall or
    irrigation
  • Maintains turgid in plants

19
Environmental effects continued
  • Moisture continued
  • Distribution heavy rainfall leaching, slower
    plant growth, increase in pathogens.
  • Quality pH levels, fertility, chemicals
  • Quantity How much? When?
  • Wind
  • Evaporation liquid to gas
  • Erosion surface material transported elsewhere

20
Environmental effects continued
  • Soil type and topography
  • Drainage removal of excess water
  • pH
  • Holding capacity water and air the soil can hold
    for a certain time
  • Air quality
  • Plant pests
  • Natural light

21
Nursery Tools and Types
  • Production bring plant to sellable size
  • Shade houses protect plants from wind,
    temperature extremes, rain, hail, and sun. Made
    of wood lath or shade cloth.
  • Overwintering houses keeping plants above ground
    over winter
  • Cold storage cold storage for crops
  • Shipping and Receiving
  • Head house
  • Storage areas
  • Business offices

22
Nursery Tools and types
  • Propagation production of new plants
  • Cold frame wooden or concrete block frame with a
    glass or polyethylene cover that is heated by the
    sun.
  • germinating seeds, rooting cuttings,
    overwintering plants
  • Hot frame similar to a cold frame but has
    additional heat supplied by electric cables or
    hot water pipes.
  • germinating seeds, rooting cuttings or
    overwintering more temperate plants.

23
Hardiness Zone
  • Used by nursery operators to productively grow
    plants
  • Zone Map
  • ID 11 zones in the US by average minimum temps
  • Produced by USDA, always updated
  • Importance
  • Young plants container plants are more
    sensitive to temps
  • Helps with plant selection
  • Your zone will determine what plants you grow and
    precautions you need to take

24
Hardiness Zone Map
25
Vocabulary
  • Head house
  • Hotbed
  • Liner plant
  • Mail order nurseries
  • Mass-marketers
  • Moisture
  • Orchardist
  • Over wintering
  • Quarantine
  • Retail nurseries
  • Shade houses
  • Turgid
  • Wholesale nurseries
  • Broker or re-wholesaler
  • Cold frame
  • Cold storage
  • Commercial production
  • Competition
  • Containerized
  • Drainage
  • Erosion
  • Evaporation
  • Field grown
  • Garden center nurseries
  • Hardiness

26
Activities
  • Review Quiz 1
  • Vocabulary?

27
Nursery Production
  • Producing Nursery Crops

28
Warm Up
  • Which of these are produced in a nursery?

29
Essential Question
  • What are the proper nursery field practices?

30
Lining Out
  • Definition the process of transplanting
    seedlings or cuttings into the field to grow to a
    saleable size.
  • Transplanting moving plants from one location to
    another
  • Linear stock/ Linear plant refers to plants that
    are lined out

31
Linear Plants/ Linear Stock
  • Stem cuttings
  • Hardwood deciduous and evergreen
  • Semi- hardwood
  • Herbaceous
  • Leaf cuttings
  • Leaf-bud cuttings
  • Root-cuttings
  • Seedlings

32
Seedlings Review
  • Treated prior to planting
  • Scarification breaking or softening the seed
    coat to allow the absorption of moisture
  • Stratification chilling the seeds before
    germination

33
Lining out Methods
  • Prepare land before transplanting
  • grading, rototilling, soil testing, pre-plant
    fertilization
  • Check for disease or damage
  • Set at proper depth
  • Pack soil around the transplant
  • Water transplants immediately
  • Fertilizer when appropriate

34
Proper Nursery Practices
  • Watering
  • Very important, 80 of plant is water, cooling,
    plant growth
  • Need of water influenced by
  • Weather, wind, soil, time of year, and plant
  • Irrigation watering artificially
  • Fertilizing
  • Prior to planting liners
  • Test soil
  • pH 6.5-7.5

35
Proper Nursery Practices continued
  • Staking attaching an upright support to the tree
  • Pruning
  • Correct structural weakness, shape young trees
  • Leader main growing point and the tip end of the
    trunk, supports the canopy of the tree
  • Prune deciduous trees in winter

36
Proper Nursery Practices
  • Root-Pruning
  • Done year before plant is harvested
  • U shaped blade cuts roots
  • Helps plant grow, without an extensive root
    system (easy to transplant)
  • Weed control
  • Seedling and liner production
  • Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
    pre-emergent herbicides.
  • Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
    fall.

37
Proper Nursery practices
  • Weed Control
  • Container production
  • Pre-plantsoil pasteurization, soil fumigation,
    pre-emergent herbicides.
  • Post-plantherbicides in spring, summer, and
    fall.
  • Field production
  • Summer annual weedspre-emergent herbicide.
  • Perennial weedsfall application of herbicide.

38
Nursery Schedules
  • Activity
  • Groups will be given a type of plant produced in
    a nursery setting
  • Represent the paragraph in photographs
  • Each paragraph is describing a schedule for
    caring of nursery plants

39
Warm Up
  • What do all these have in common?

40
Essential Question
  • What are common nursery pests?

41
Common Pests
  • Pests can become a LARGE problem quickly
  • Insects
  • Weeds
  • Disease

42
Common Pests- Animals
  • Rabbits
  • Damage chew bark, eat shoots
  • Control enclosures, repellents,
  • Favorite Plants fruit trees, crab apples,
    flowering dogwood, and sweet gum
  • Deer
  • Damage trample small plants, eat soft new growth
  • Control diversion feeders, repellents
  • Favorite arborvitae plants, birches

43
Common Pests
  • Mice
  • Damage Girdle plants, dig holes
  • chew the bark at the base of the plant disrupting
    moisture and energy flow
  • Control removal of habitat (weeds etc)
  • Favorites birches, arborvitae
  • Humans
  • Damage physical and mechanical damage
  • Control EDUCATION!!!
  • Favorite Plants unable to determine

44
Common Pests Winter Injury
  • Usually aesthetic and minor
  • Damage broken branches, frozen apical
    growth/buds, lower bark damage, frost cracks
    (prone to thin barked trees) and frost heaving
  • Control proper plant selection, wind breaks,
    anti-desiccants
  • Chemicals sprayed on the plant to conserve
    moisture
  • Favorite Plants evergreens or containerized
    plants

45
Nursery Tools
  • Hand tools
  • Spade- harvests plant material
  • Shovel- removal of soil, mulch, etc
  • Hand pruners- for small jobs
  • Small pruning saw- large to medium branches
  • Caliper- measures tree trunk diameter

46
Nursery Tools
  • Mechanical
  • Computers
  • Planters
  • Tree diggers
  • Lifting and loading
  • Packaging and potting

47
Activities
  • Make an instructional/education brochure about
    common pests
  • Include what the pest is, the damage and what it
    looks like, control methods and how to implement
    them, favorite plants of the pests
  • Review Quiz 2

48
Vocabulary
  • Diversion feeding stations
  • Girdling
  • Irrigation
  • Leader
  • Liner stock or liner plants
  • Lining out
  • Repellents
  • Scarification
  • Soil pH
  • Stratification
  • Transplanting

49
Nursery Production
  • Packaging Nursery Products

50
Warm Up
  • Why are these easy and safe to transport?

51
Essential Question
  • What are the 3 types of packaging?

52
Types of Packaging
  • A. Bare root involves harvesting trees without
    taking soil from the field.
  • B. Balled and burlapped harvesting plants with a
    soil ball around the roots. This is usually
    covered with burlap.
  • C. Containerized plants that are grown and then
    sold while in containers. The containers may be
    made of peat, clay, or plastic.

53
Bare Root!
54
Balled and Burlapped
55
Ball and Burlap- Guidelines
  • 1. This procedure can be done at any time of the
    growing season, but is most successful in the
    spring and fall.
  • 2. Most of the trees feeder roots are in the top
    1215 inches of topsoil, and that up to 60
    percent of the feeder roots can extend beyond the
    trees drip line.
  • 3. BB plants may lose up to 95 percent of feeder
    roots during transplanting.

56
Ball and Burlap- Guidelines
  • 4. The materials needed for BB are a spade,
    twine, burlap, nursery pinning nails, a caliper,
    and a pair of hand pruners or a knife.
  • 5. BB may also be done with a mechanical digger.
    Requires employee training

57
Containerized
58
Bare Root
  • Disadvantages
  • a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
  • b. Limited digging/transplanting time.
  • c. Special storage facilities needed.
  • d. Only successful with certain plants.
  • e. Possible decay in storage.
  • f. Only used with deciduous plants.
  • Advantages
  • a. Harvested plants are lightweight.
  • b. Shipping is more economical.
  • c. Initially less expensive to produce.
  • d. Can be dug in dormant seasons.

59
B B
  • Disadvantages
  • a. May need specialized equipment.
  • b. Soil conditions can limit work.
  • c. Soil balls are heavy and large.
  • d. Product is hard to move.
  • e. Shipping is expensive.
  • f. More skilled labor is needed.
  • g. Long production cycle (210 years).
  • Advantages
  • a. Can be dug and held for a period of time.
  • b. Digging and transplanting season can be
    extended.
  • c. Better for difficult to transplant species.
  • d. Larger plants can be harvested.

60
Containerized
  • Disadvantages
  • Advantages
  • a. Can only be used with smaller stock.
  • b. Soil dries out quickly.
  • c. Susceptible to cold/winter damage.
  • d. Plants can become pot bound.
  • e. Growing media must be provided
  • f. Susceptible to blowing over.
  • g. More irrigation needed.
  • a. Rapid production cycle.
  • b. Faster turnover of invested capital.
  • c. Plants are more uniform.
  • d. Reduced shipping weight.
  • e. No need for land rotation.
  • f. Greater number of plants in a smaller area.
  • g. Less handling damage.

61
Activity- Writing Assignment
  • Choose 1 type of packaging previously discussed.
  • Write 20 sentences
  • 1. Describe why you chose this type of packaging.
  • 2. Describe why you WOULD NOT choose the 2 other
    types of packaging.
  • Use the advantages and disadvantages listed in
    your notes.

62
Storing Nursery Stock
  • A. Common or air-cooled storageThese are
    insulated underground or frame structures where
    air is pulled through to cool the plants, but the
    air is not cooled mechanically.
  • B. Cold/refrigerated storageThese are separate
    buildings or large rooms that are mechanically
    kept at 2729F or 3240F, depending upon the
    stored materials.
  • Plant tissue must be mature before storing, this
    usually occurs after the first major fall frost.
    Leaves are removed before storage.

63
Defoliation
  • The mechanical, chemical, or cultural removal of
    leaves.
  • Done before storage
  • Methods
  • 1. Chemical leaves fall off after being sprayed
  • 2. Mechanical beaters- plant fed into a machine
    that removes leaves
  • 3. Gas Chambers- airtight chambers filled
    ethylene gas cause leaves to drop
  • 4. Sweating plants loosely bundled, heat builds
    causing leaves to fall off

64
Storage Guidelines
  • 1. In the initial handling after plants have been
    harvested, they are immediately graded and
    sorted, and then either stored or merchandised.
  • 2. Labeled and graded by size. Small sized
  • 3. When storing, plants are usually stacked on
    wooden pallets in ricks (stalls) laid
    horizontally, with their roots to the aisles.

65
Storage Problems
  • Drying of Roots
  • Mold development

66
Measuring Trees
  • Caliper tool shaped like a pair of tweezers
  • Standard way to measure trees in the industry

67
Activity
  • Represent in a cartoon strip the directions for
    ball and burlapping trees
  • No words!

68
Vocabulary
  • Balled and burlapped
  • Bare root
  • Caliper
  • Cold/refrigerated storage
  • Common or air-cooled storage
  • Containerized
  • Defoliation
  • Gas chambers
  • Mechanical beaters
  • Sweating

69
Activity
  • Review Quiz 3

70
Nursery Production
  • Nursery Business

71
Warm Up
  • In this photo, what ways is money being used or
    gained?

72
Essential Question
  • What are some of the jobs a nursery worker might
    perform?

73
Common Characteristics Of Nursery Jobs
  • 1. Most of the work is done outside.
  • 2. Sometimes seasonal
  • busy seasons are spring and fall.
  • 3. Ways to gain training for this job.
  • a. Junior college or trade school
  • b. Four year college or university
  • c. On the job training

74
Common Nursery Job Tasks
  • 1. Plant propagation
  • 2. Soil preparation
  • 3. Potting/transplanting
  • 4. Watering and fertilizing
  • 5. Pest control
  • 6. Pruning
  • 7. Harvesting and storing
  • 8. Grading
  • 9. Packaging and shipping

75
Nursery Occupations
  • President/ownerResponsible for all aspects of
    the business.
  • B. Vice-presidentThis person or people make
    decisions about the operation of the nursery
  • including personnel, facilities, finances, etc.
    They are usually in charge of marketing,production
    , or management.

76
Nursery Occupations
  • . SupervisorThis is the plant production
    decision maker. Supervisors may specialize in
    propagation, pest control, equipment, pruning,
    sales, planting, harvesting, or shipping.

77
Nursery Occupations
  • D. Assistant supervisorsThey may be responsible
    for a specific job, crop, or nursery area.
  • report to a supervisor.
  • E. Crew leadersThey are usually in charge of a
    group of workers and/or a specific crop.
  • responsible for the training of the crew.
  • F. Crew membersEntry level positionsThese
    workers work directly with production of plants.

78
Nursery Business Records
  • Inventory of stock
  • Usually this is taken annually, and verified
    through sales and dump records. It can also be
    used for tax and ordering purposes.
  • B. Sales, shipping, and delivery receipts
  • These records keep track of where the money goes
    and comes from. They are usually referred to as
    invoices.

79
Nursery Business Records
  • Local, Federal and State Business forms
  • 1. Payroll recordsTax forms, W2s, work permits,
    and employment records.
  • 2. LicensesPesticide certification, vehicle
    registration, and business.
  • 3. InsuranceWorkmens compensation, liability,
    and premium payments.
  • 4. OSHA information and regulation dealing with
    worker safety.

80
Nursery Business Records
  • Pesticide recordsThis includes an inventory of
    chemicals and material safety data sheets,
    quarantine, nursery inspection, and training
    program records.

81
Nursery Advertising
  • Goals of advertising
  • 1. Sell products
  • 2. Get customers into the store
  • 3. Introduce new products
  • 4. Create an interest or demand for a product
  • 5. Create public awareness of a product or company

82
Elements of Advertising
  • AdvertisingAdvertising is describing a product
    in order to entice the customer to buy it.
    Advertising can be a large cost in running a
    nursery business, but its importance cannot be
    overlooked. Money spent on effective advertising
    is money well spent. This can be considered
    educating the consumer.

83
Elements of Advertising
  • MarketingMarketing means all functions involved
    in the buying or selling of goods or services.
  • 3. MerchandisingMerchandising is planning,
    advertising, and other activities involved in
    promoting the sale of a product.
  • 4. ImageThis is the impression your business
    gives to consumers. It can be good, bad, or
    indifferent. Advertising and marketing should
    strive to make it a good image.

84
Types of Advertising
  • Print and visualThese ads are available in our
    societys media venues.
  • Magazine ads, newspapers, flyers, brochures,
    billboards, direct mail, in store ads, bumper
    stickers, plant tags, etc. Radio, T.V., and
    Internet ads are popular forms of electronic
    advertising.

85
Types of Advertising
  • Business materialsThese ads have a main goal of
    getting the name of the company out to the
    customer, but they may also be used to advertise
    a product. Signs in front of the store, business
    cards, yellow page ads, Internet web sites,
    employee uniforms, signs on equipment, etc.

86
Vocabulary
  • Advertising
  • Crew leader
  • Crew members
  • Invoices
  • Marketing
  • Merchandising
  • Supervisor

87
Activities
  • Design a Nursery Advertisement
  • Review Quiz 4
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