Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders

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Abnormal PsychologyA.K.A. Psychological Disorders

• A harmful dysfunction in which behavior is
  judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive
  and unjustifiable.

• What is abnormal depends on
• Culture
• Time period
• Environmental conditions
• Individual person

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Early Theories

• Abnormal behavior was evil spirits trying to get
  out.
• Trephining was often used.
• Cutting a hole in the head of the afflicted to
  let out the evil spirit.

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Early Mental Hospitals

• They were nothing more than barbaric prisons.

• The patients were chained and locked away.

• Some hospitals even charged admission for the
  public to see the crazies, just like a zoo.

• Philippe Pinel French doctor that was first to
  unchain and declare these people sick

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Perspectives and Disorders
Psychological School/Perspective Cause of the Disorder
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives
Humanistic Failure to strive to ones potential or being out of touch with ones feelings.
Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment.
Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking.
Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society
Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.
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Medical Model

• When physicians discovered that syphilis led to
  mental disorders, they started using medical
  models to review the physical causes of these
  disorders.

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DSM IV

• Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental
  Disorders.
• DSM will classify disorders and describe the
  symptoms.
• DSM will NOT explain the causes or possible
  cures.
• Labeling????

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Two Major Classifications in the DSM

• Neurotic Disorders

• Psychotic Disorders

• Distressing but one can still function in society
  and act rationally.

• Person loses contact with reality, experiences
  distorted perceptions.

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A. Anxiety Disorders

• a group of conditions where the primary symptoms
  are anxiety or defenses against anxiety.
• the patient fears something awful will happen to
  them.
• They are in a state of intense apprehension,
  uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

• Generalized anxiety
• Phobia
• Obsessive-compulsive
• Panic Disorder
• Post Traumatic Stress

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1. Phobias

• A person experiences sudden episodes of intense
  dread.
• Must be an irrational fear.
• Phobia List

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2. Generalized Anxiety DisorderGAD

• A person is continuously tense, apprehensive and
  in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
• The patient is constantly worried, feels
  inadequate, is oversensitive, cant concentrate
  and suffers from insomnia.

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3. Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long
  episode of intense dread in which a person
  experiences terror and accompanying chest pain,
  choking and other frightening sensations.

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4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder
OCD

• Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause
  someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage
  in a particular action.
• Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to
  compulsive hand washing.

http//videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery-health/3
3100-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd-overview-vi
deo.htm
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Common Obsessions Common Compulsions
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc. Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive urges Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges Touching
Excessive religious or moral doubt Counting
Forbidden thoughts Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so" Hoarding or saving
A need to tell, ask, confess Praying
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5. Post-traumatic Stress Disordera.k.a. PTSD

• Flashbacks or nightmares following a persons
  involvement in or observation of an extremely
  stressful event
• Memories of the even cause anxiety.

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B. Somatoform Disorders

• Occur when a person manifests a psychological
  problem through a physiological symptom.
• Soma Body
• Two types
• Hypochondria
• Conversion disorder

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1. Hypochondria

• Has frequent physical complaints for which
  medical doctors are unable to locate the cause.
• They usually believe that the minor issues
  (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more
  severe illnesses.
• Excessive worry about getting sick

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2. Conversion Disorder

• Report the existence of severe physical problems
  with no biological reason.
• Like blindness or paralysis.

Ex hysterical blindness blindness after
traumatic event (no physical cause) Hysterical
pregnancy body acts pregnant but no baby!
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C. Dissociative Disorders

• These disorders involve a disruption in the
  conscious process.
• Three types
• Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociative fugue
• Dissociative identity

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1. Dissociative Amnesia

• A person cannot remember things with no
  physiological basis for the disruption in memory.
  
• Blocking out critical personal information,
  usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

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2. Dissociative Fugue

• People with psychogenic amnesia that find
  themselves in an unfamiliar environment.

• suddenly and unexpectedly takes physical leave of
  his or her surroundings and sets off on a journey
  of some kind.

• These journeys can last hours, or even several
  days or months.

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3. Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Used to be known as Multiple Personality
  Disorder.
• A person has several alternating personality.
• People with DID commonly have a history of
  childhood abuse or trauma.

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D. Mood Disorders

• Psychological Disorders characterized by
  emotional extremes.

-Dysthymic Disorder -Major Depression -Seasonal
affective -Bipolar disorder
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1. Major Depression

• Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent
  cause.
• Depression is the common cold of psychological
  disorders.

• Includes feelings of worthlessness and diminished
  interest or pleasure in most activities.

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2. Dysthymic Disorder

• Suffering from mild depression every day for at
  least two years.

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3. Seasonal Affective Disorder
S.A.D

• Experience depression during the winter months.
• Based not on temperature, but on amount of
  sunlight.
• Treated with light therapy.

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4. Bipolar Disorder

• Formally manic depression.
• Involves periods of depression and manic
  episodes.
• Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy
  (but they tend to differ a lotsome get confident
  and some get irritable).
• Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

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E. Personality Disorders

• Psychological disorders characterized by
  inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that
  impair social functioning.
• Dominates their personality.

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1. Antisocial Personality Disorder

• characterized by a lack of conscience
• People with this disorder are prone to criminal
  behavior, believing that their victims are weak
  and deserving of being taken advantage of. They
  tend to lie and steal

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2. Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Needs to be the center of attention.
• Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively.
• They also tend to exaggerate friendships and
  relationships, believing that everyone loves them
  

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3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
• Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
• Exaggerate achievements
• Expect others to recognize them as superior

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4. Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by
  a distrust of others and a constant suspicion
  that people around you have sinister motives.
• They search for hidden meanings in everything and
  read hostile intentions into the actions of
  others.

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F. Schizophrenic Disorders

• About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with
  schizophrenia.
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized thinking.
• Disturbed Perceptions
• Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

http//videos.howstuffworks.com/investigation-disc
overy/32121-deadly-women-twisted-minds-video.htm
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Disorganized Thinking

• The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is
  fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false
  beliefs.

• Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in
  selective attention.- they cannot filter out
  information.

Often causes
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Delusions (false beliefs)

• Delusions of Persecution

• Delusions of Grandeur

Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations- sensory experiences without
sensory stimulation.
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Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

• Laugh at inappropriate times.
• Flat Effect
• Senseless, compulsive acts.
• Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

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Types of Schizophrenia
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1. Disorganized Schizophrenia

• Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or
  inappropriate emotion.

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2. Paranoid Schizophrenia

• Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations.
• Somebody is out to get me!!!!

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3. Catatonic Schizophrenia

• Flat effect
• parrot like repeating of anothers speech and
  movements

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4. Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

• Many and varied Symptoms.

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The Rosenhan Study

• Rosenhans associates were Malingering symptoms
  of hearing voices.
• They were ALL admitted for schizophrenia.
• None were exposed as imposters.
• They all left diagnosed with schizophrenia in
  remission.
• What are some of the questions raised by this
  study?

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Carols for the disturbed

• 1. Do You Hear What I Hear?
• 2. -- We Three Kings Disoriented Are
• 3 I Think I'll be Home for Christmas
• 4. --- Hark the Herald Angels Sing About Me
• 5. --- Deck the Halls and Walls and House and
  Lawn and Streets and Stores and Office and Town
  and Cars and Buses and Trucks and Trees and.....

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• 6. Santa Claus is Coming to Town to Get Me
• 7. Thoughts of Roasting on an Open Fire
• 8. You Better Watch Out, I'm Gonna Cry, I'm
  Gonna Pout, Maybe I'll Tell You Why
• 9. Silent night, Holy -oooh look at the
  Froggy! Can I have a chocolate? Why is France so
  far away?
• 10. Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells,
  Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle
  Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells,
  Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle
  Bells, Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells, J