(?????, ????) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? (Elevation) ?????????? ? ????????? ? ????????? ????????????????????????????????? (Vertical Plane)

1
????????

• ???
• ????????????? ?????????

2
????????

• (?????, ????) ????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????? ?????????? (Elevation) ?????????? ?
  ????????? ? ????????? ????????????????????????????
  ????? (Vertical Plane)
• (?????, ????) ????????????????????????????????????
  ???? ? ???????? ??????????????????????????????????
  ???
• (Bannister et al., 1998) Leveling is the
  operation required in the determination or, more
  strictly, the comparison of heights of points on
  the surface of the earth.

3
(No Transcript)
4
(No Transcript)
5
???????

• ???????????? (Bubble tube axis)
• ??????? (Vertical axis)
• ???????????? (Backsight BS)
• ???????????? (Foresight FS)
• ???????????? (Intermediate sight)
• ????? (Station)
• ????????????????????
• ??????????

• ?????????
• ??????????????????? (MSL)
• ???????? (Datum)
• ???????? (Elevation)
• ???????????? (Difference in elevation)
• ?????????
• ????????????
• ??????? (Line of sight Line of collimation)

6
??? 4.1

• ?????????????????????? Spirit level
  ????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
  ?? ?????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????????????????????????
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? Spirit level

7
?????? 4.2

• ?????????????????????????????????????????
• A ??????? Datum 1.500-0.850 0.650 m.
• C ??????? Datum 1.500-1.050 0.450 m.
• ???????????? Datum ??????????????? Peg B

8
Levelling
Height of
(HPC, HI ???????)
the Plane of Collimation
S2
HPC RL A S1
RL B HPC - S2
9
????????
10
(No Transcript)
11
?????????????????

• 1. Telescope ??? 4.3 ???? telescope
  ???????????????????????????????
• 4.3(a) ???????????????????
• 4.3(b) ??????????? ???????
• ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
  ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???????? ???????????????????????

12
A surveying optical telescope
??????????????? (focusing screw)
??????????? (eyepiece)
Focusing
1. ??????????????????????????
2. ??????????????????????????
The aim of focusing is to remove (eliminate)
PARALLAX
13
telescope
????????
?????
????????????????
??????????????????????
14
Parallax
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? ??????????????????? eliminate Parallax.
?????????????????? (????????????????)
????????????? eyepiece ??? telescope
???????? (cross hairs ) ??????????????????????????
??? ?????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
15
Elimination of Parallax
Focus the cross hairs (???????????) Focus the
object (??????????????????)
????????????
????????????????? eyepiece
Parallax ??????????????????????????????
Parallax ????????? ???????????????????????????????
????
Parallax ?????????????????????????????????????????
??
Parallax ??????????????????????????????
16
?????????????????

• ???????? 3 ?????
• Dumpy level ?????????????????????????? ????
  Tilting screw ?????????????? ?????????????????????
  ????????????????? ????????????????????? ??????
  ????????????????????????
• Tilting level ??????????????????????????
  ?????????????????? ????????????????? Tilting
  screw
• Automatic level ?????????????????????????????????
  ????????? ?????? Compensators

17
Dumpy level
http//www.gmat.unsw.edu.au/currentstudents/ug/pro
jects/f_pall/html/level.html
dumpy level by Baker
Tribrach and the telescope
18
Tilting level
Telescope with a three foot screw levelling
system
tilting level by E. R. Watts Son Ltd
19
PRECISION TILTING LEVEL  
tilting level by Hilger Watts
20
PRECISION TILTING LEVEL
tilting level by Cooke, Troughton Simms
21
Medium precision tilting level
Hilger Watts Ltd.,
22
Tilting level
Wild NK2 tilting level
23
Tilting level
tilting level by E. R. Watts Son Ltd.
24

• ?????? 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
• ?????????????? ????????????????????? ???????
  ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????? ??????????????????????? (Pendulum
  Balance) ??????????????????? ?????????????????????
  ???
• ??????4.10 (a) ???????????? 2 ???? A ??? B
  ?????????????? 45? ????????? 90? (b)
  ???????????? 1? ??????????????????????????????????
  ? 44? ??????????? (c) ???? Auto
  ????????????????????????? ????????????? 15
  minutes of arc

25
????????????? ????????????????????????? 3' 3".
????????????????????????????? ???????????????????
???????? ???????????? 3' 2"
????????????????????????????? ????????????????????
?? 3' 3".
??????????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????
compensator ?????????????????????????????3' 3".
26
4.11 ???? Nikon AP mechanical compensator 4.12
Wild Automatic engineers level prisms 2 ????
1???? ??????? (Suspended)
27
(No Transcript)
28
4.13 Damping System ????????????? ???set
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
29
(No Transcript)
30
??????????????????????????????
31
?????? (Pond Bubble)
????????????????????????????????????????? ????????
???????????????????????????? ?
????compensators??????????????????????? ??????????
??????????????????
????????????????????? ???? compensators ?????
?????????????????? ????????????????????
32
????????

• ?? 3, 4, 5 m. ?? ??. ????? ?????????
  ??????????????? 100 mm (10 cm.) ?????? 10 mm
  ???? E ??? 5 ???
• ??? 4.14 ???????????
• ??? 4.15 ??????????
• ??????? ??????? parallax ??????????????????

33
????????
34
?????????????????? E-type
??????????? ?
?????????????????????????
35
(No Transcript)
36
(No Transcript)
37
1.158
38
1.188
39
??????????????

• ?????????????????? 2 ???? ?????? 4.16 (a) peg A
  ???????????? ? ??????????????????????????????
  ????????????? peg A 95.400 m. ??? Datum
  ?????????? peg A ????? RL A reduced level A
• RL A 95.400 m from Datum
• ???????????????????????? peg B
• ????????????? ????????? ???????? peg A ??? peg B
  ???????????????????????? peg A ??????? 2.500 m
  ???????????????????? peg B ?????????????????? ???
  0.500 m.
• peg B ??????? peg A 2.500-0.500 2.000 m
• ?????????? A ?? B ??????? 2.000 m. ??? 4.16 (b)

40
??????????????

• ?????????? A ?????? Datum 95.400 m ?????????? B
  ??????? Datum ?????????????? 95.4002.000
  97.400 m ??? Datum ?????????????????????????
  ????????????????????
• ??????????? ????????????????????????????
  ???????????? 2 ?????????? ? ??? Rise Fall (RF
  method) ??? Height of the plane of collimation
  (HPC / HI method)
• ???????? 4.1 ???? RF method
• BS Back sight ??? 4.16 ???????????? A ?????
  Back sight ??????? 2.500 m. ????????????????? BS
  ??????????????????? ????????

41
??????????????

• FS foresight ?????????????????? B ??????? 0.500
  m ???????? FS column
• ???????????????????? BS A FS B 2.500-0.500
  2.000 m (rise)
• ??? A ??????? Datum 95.400 m.
• ??? B ??????? Datum 95.4002.000 97.400 m
• Example 3 ?????????? 4.2 ?? ??? 3
  ?????????????????????????? 2 ??? ???????? RL
  ???????????????? Table 4.2 ????????????????

42
Flying Leveling

• ????????????????? A ??? B ????????????????????????
  ???????????????????
• ??? 4.17 A ??????? B ?????? 250 m ??? A
  ?????????? 23.900 m ????????????? B
• ??????????????? 1 ???? BS 4.200 m ???? FS ???
  0.700 m ????????????? 4.200 0.700 3.500 m
  (rise)
• ?????? X ?????????? 23.9003.500 27.400 m

43
Flying Leveling

• ???????? 4.3 ????????? ??? line 1 ??? line 2
  ?????????????????? 2 ??????? BS 4.150 m
  ??????????? BS column ??????? FS 0.550 m
• ???????? (x-y) 4.150-0.550 3.600 m (rise)
• RL of y 27.4003.600 31.000 m
  ????????????????? 4.4
• ???????? 4.5 ??????????????? 3 ???? BS 2.500
  m????FS 3.700m
• ??????????? (y-B) 2.500-3.700 -1.200 m
• RL of B 31.000-1.200 29.800 m

44
Arithmetic Check ???????????????????????

• Last reduced level first reduce level all
  rises all falls
• There fore Las RL first RL sum rises sum
  fall
• Last RL first RL Sum rises Sum fall
• Sum BS Sum FS
• 29.800- 23.900 (7.100 1.200)
• (10.850 4.950)
• 5.900
• Ex 4 ??? 4.18 ???? 4 ???? ????????????????????
  ??? peg A ????? 10.000 m ??? Datum

45
Closed Circuit of Leveling

• ??????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
• ??? 4.21 RL points 6 point A-F
• BS ???? A 0.510 m ?????????? column BS
• ??? B, C, D ??? E ??? ????????????????????
  ???????? Intermediate Foresight (IFS)
  ???????????? 4.9
• Example 6 ???????? 4.10 Exercise 4.2 ??? 4.22
  ???????? 4.11
• ????????? ?????? 4.23 ???????????????????? ?
  ???????????????????????????????????????????? 1)
  ????????????? 2) ??????????? 3) ?????????? FS
  ???????????? ?

46
Closed Circuit of Leveling

• ??? 4.3 ???????? 4.12
• BM (RL 35.270 m)
• ABCD ????????????????? 1
• ABC IFS
• D FS
• EFG ????????????????? 2
• D BS
• EF IFS
• G FS

H ????????????????? 3 G BS H FS IJK BM
????????????????? 4 H BS IJK IFS
BM FS Ex7 ?????? 4.24 ???????? 4.13 Ex4.3
?????? 4.25 ???????? 4.14
47
HPC Method(Height of the Plane of Collimation
Method)

• ??? 4.26 (a) ????? 2 ???
• ??? A 205.500 ??????????????? 2.400 m BS
• ??? B ??????????????? 1.800 m FS
• ??? B 205.5002.400 1.800 206.100 m
• ???????? 4.15 ???????????????
• (b) ???????????? ????????????????????
• ??? 4.26 (b) ???????????? 4.16 ????????????????
• ??? 4.26 (c) ???????????? 4.18
• Ex 8 ??? 4.26 b ??????????????????????
  ????????????? 4.17

48
(CP)
RL A ??????
RL A BS
RL B
HPC - FS
?????? RL B ??????
????????????????
RL B BS
RL C
HPC - FS
Generally HPC RL?????????? Back Sight
RL ????????????? HPC - Fore Sight
49
HPC Method
50
Correctly Completed Level Booking Form
51
HPC Method

• Ex 9 ???????? 4.19 ???????? ????? ???????????
  4.20
• (c) ?????????????? ??????? 2 ???? ???????????????
  ?????????? 2 ????
• Exercise4.4 ?????? 4.27
• ????????????? FS ??? 1.277 ??? ??????????? BS ???
  0.573
• ????????? ?????? 1, 2 ?????????????????????? A,
  B, C, D, E, F ??? G
• ???????? ??? A 13.273 m ??? datum ??????????
  ??????????

52
???????????????? ??????????????????

• ??? 4.28 ??????????????????????????????
  ?????????????? ??????? ??? A ??????? 3.100
  ????????? -3.100 m ????????????????? 4.21 ?????
  ??? C ????
• ?????? rise fall method ???????? 4.21
• ?????? HPC method ???????? 4.22
• Exercise 4.5 ??????????? ?????????????? ????????
  4.29 ????????4.23 ?????????????????? rise fall
  ??? HPC

53
Errors in Leveling

• Gross errors ?????????? ???????????
  ??????????????????
• ??????????????? ??????????? ?????????
  ??????????????? parallax
• Constant Errors ????????????????
• ?????????????? ?????? 4.30 ??????????????? 3?
  ??????? 4.000 ??????????? 3.995 ????? 4.000 ? cos
  3? 3.995 m ???????????????????????????
  ????????
• ???????? error ??? 4.31 ?????????????????????????
  error e
• Staff graduation error ???????????????????
• Random error ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????
  ?????????????????????? ?????????

54
Curvature and Refection??????????????
?????????????????

• ?????????????? c ??????? 2 ??????? ? ???
  ??????????????
• (Rc)2 R2L2
• R2c2 2Rc R2L2
• R2c2 2Rc - R2 L2
• c(c2R) L2
• c (L2) / (c2R) (c ????????????????????????? R
  ??????????? 0)
• c (L2) / 2R km (L2) / 12,740 meters
• c 0.07848 L2 meters (????? L ??????? km)

55
Curvature and Refection

• Examples 12
• ?????????????? (Refection r)
• r ?????????????? ???????? latitude ????????
  ??????? ?
• r 1/7 ??? curvature ??????????????????????????
  curvature
• ???????????? 0.785 L2 1/7 (0.785 L2 ) 6/7
  (0.785 L2 )
• 0.0673 L2 metres ????? L ??????? km
• Ex 13

56
Stadia
Reading on upper stadia line B 1.829 Reading on
lower stadia line A 1.603 Staff section I B-A
0.226 Distance 100 I 22.6 m
57
Two-peg test
58
S1
S2
A
B
L / 2
L / 2
L
S3
A
B
Collimation error,e (L L/10)(S1 - S2) -
(S3 - S4) mm / L m
L / 10
59
(No Transcript)
60
(No Transcript)
61
??????????????????????