8th Grade

1
8th Grade

• Science Vocabulary Review

2

• The actual brightness
• of a star

3

• ABSOLUTE
• MAGNITUDE

4

• The transfer of energy carried by light waves to
  particles of matter

5

• ABSORPTION

6

• A characteristic that helps an organism survive
  and reproduce in its environment

7

• ADAPTATION

8

• A large body of air that has the same temperature
  and moisture throughout

9

• AIR MASS

10

• Alternate forms of a gene that govern the same
  characteristics

11

• ALLELES

12

• The maximum distance the particles of a waves
  medium vibrate from their rest position

13

• AMPLITUDE

14

• How bright a light appears to an observer

15

• APPARENT MAGNITUDE

16

• A measure of how much surface an object has

17

• AREA

18

• The study of all physical objects beyond Earth

19

• ASTRONOMY

20

• The smallest particle into which an element can
  be divided and still be the same substance

21

• ATOM

22

• The weighted average of the masses of all the
  naturally occurring isotopes of an element

23

• ATOMIC MASS

24

• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

25

• ATOMIC NUMBER

26

• The state in which the combined forces exerted on
  an object add up to zero

27

• BALANCED

28

• The theory that states that the universe began
  with a tremendous explosion

29

• BIG BANG THEORY

30

• An object with more than three solar masses
  squeezed into a ball only 10 km across whose
  gravity is so strong that not even light can
  escape

31

• BLACK HOLE

32

• The movement of carbon from the nonliving
  environment into living things and back

33

• CARBON CYCLE

34

• The largest population that a given environment
  can support over a long period of time

35

• CARRYING CAPACITY

36

• The idea that all geologic change happens suddenly

37

• CATASTROPHISM

38

• The process by which sediment is glued together
  by minerals dissolved in water

39

• CEMENTATION

40

• The force of attraction that holds two atoms
  together

41

• CHEMICAL BOND

42

• The joining of atoms to form new substances

43

• CHEMICAL BONDING

44

• A change that occurs when one or more substances
  are changed into entirely new substances with
  different properties

45

• CHEMICAL CHANGE

46

• A shorthand description that uses chemical
  formulas to describe a chemical reaction

47

• CHEMICAL EQUATION

48

• A shorthand notation that uses chemical symbols
  and numbers to represent a substance

49

• CHEMICAL FORMULA

50

• The process by which one or more substances
  change to produce one or more different substances

51

• CHEMICAL REACTION

52

• A number placed in front of a chemical symbol or
  formula

53

• COEFFICIENT

54

• The process by which soft sediment is squeezed
  until it hardens into rock

55

• COMPACTION

56

• A pure substance composed of two or more elements
  that are chemically combined

57

• COMPOUND

58

• The theory that continents can drift apart from
  one another and have done so in the past

59

• CONTINENTAL DRIFT

60

• The process by which cooler material sinks while
  warmer material rises because of a change in
  density

61

• CONVECTION

62

• The boundary between two colliding tectonic plates

63

• CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

64

• A bond that results from the attraction between
  the nuclei of atoms where the electrons are
  shared by the atoms

65

• COVALENT BOND

66

• Any pieces of information gathered through
  experimentation

67

• DATA

68

• The process of clearing forests

69

• DEFORESTATION

70

• To change shape because of the action of geologic
  processes

71

• DEFORM

72

• The amount of matter in a given space or volume

73

• DENSITY

74

• The boundary between two tectonic plates that are
  moving away from each other rift zone

75

• DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

76

• The trait observed when at least one dominant
  allele for a characteristic is inherited

77

• DOMINANT TRAIT

78

• The apparent change in frequency of a sound
  caused by the motion of either the listener or
  the source of the sound

79

• DOPPLER EFFECT

80

• A community of organisms and their nonliving
  environment

81

• ECOSYSTEM

82

• The entire range of electromagnetic waves, all
  the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

83

• ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

84

• A wave that can travel through space and matter
  and consists of vibrating electric and magnetic
  fields

85

• ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

86

• A negatively charged subatomic particle that is
  found in all atoms

87

• ELECTRONS

88

• A region inside an atom where electrons are
  likely to be found

89

• ELECTRON CLOUD

90

• A pure substance that cannot be separated into
  simpler substances by physical or chemical means

91

• ELEMENT

92

• A spherical or elongated galaxy with a bright
  center and very little dust and gas

93

• ELIPTICAL GALAXY

94

• A periodic change in the location of warm and
  cool surface waters in the Pacific Ocean

95

• EL NINO

96

• The term used to describe a physical or chemical
  change in which energy is absorbed

97

• ENDOTHERMIC

98

• Regions around the nucleus of an atom where
  electrons may be found

99

• ENERGY LEVELS

100

• The process by which wind, water, ice, and
  gravity remove and transport material from one
  place to another

101

• EROSION

102

• The term used to describe a physical or chemical
  change in which energy is given off

103

• EXOTHERMIC

104

• The type of strain that occurs when rocks break
  because of stress

105

• FAULTING

106

• A messaging system that the body uses to maintain
  equilibrium

107

• FEEDBACK MECHANISM

108

• The type of strain that occurs when rocks bend
  because of stress

109

• FOLDING

110

• The number of waves made in a given amount of time

111

• FREQUENCY

112

• The area where two different air masses meet

113

• FRONT

114

• A large grouping of stars in space

115

• GALAXY

116

• The inherited combination of alleles

117

• GENOTYPE

118

• The scientific study of the Earths history

119

• GEOLOGY

120

• Each vertical column of elements (from top to
  bottom) on the periodic table

121

• GROUP

122

• The transfer of energy between objects that are
  at different temperatures

123

• HEAT

124

• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the
  relationship between a stars surface temperature
  and absolute magnitude

125

• H-R DIAGRAM

126

• A large, spinning tropical weather system with
  wind speeds of at least 119 km/h

127

• HURRICANE

128

• A possible explanation or answer to a question

129

• HYPOTHESIS

130

• Rock that forms when hot, liquid rock cools and
  hardens

131

• IGNEOUS ROCK

132

• The force of attraction between oppositely
  charged ions

133

• IONIC BOND

134

• A galaxy that does not fit into any other category

135

• IRREGULAR GALAXY

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• The energy of motion

137

• KINETIC ENERGY

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• Magma that reaches the Earths surface

139

• LAVA

140

• The law that states that mass is neither created
  nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical
  changes

141

• LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

142

• A UNIT OF LENGTH EQUAL TO THE DISTANCE THAT LIGHT
  TRAVELS THROUGH SPACE IN 1 YEAR

143

• LIGHT-YEAR

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• Literally, the rock sphere the cool, rigid,
  outermost layer of the Earth that is divided into
  enormouse pieces called tectonic plates

145

• LITHOSPHERE

146

• The orbit of the moon around the Earth, during
  which all of the lunar phases occur

147

• LUNAR CYCLE

148

• The different appearances of the moon throughout
  the month

149

• LUNAR PHASES

150

• The diagonal pattern of stars on the H-R diagram
  where stars spend most of their time

151

• MAIN SEQUENCE

152

• The solid layer of the Earth between the crust
  and the core made of dense iron rich minerals

153

• MANTLE

154

• The amount of matter that something is made of

155

• MASS

156

• The total number of protons and neutrons in an
  atom

157

• MASS NUMBER

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• Anything that has volume and mass

159

• MATTER

160

• A substance through which a wave can travel

161

• MEDIUM

162

• Rock that forms when existing rock is heated and
  squeezed deep inside the Earth

163

• METAMORPHIC ROCK

164

• EM waves that are between radio waves and
  infrared waves in the electromagnetic spectrum

165

• MICROWAVES

166

• Underwater mountain chain that forms on the ocean
  floor where tectonic plates pull apart

167

• MID-OCEAN RANGE

168

• A naturally formed inorganic rock solid that has
  a repeating three-dimensional structure

169

• MINERAL

170

• A representation of an object or system

171

• MODEL

172

• A neutral group of atoms held together by
  covalent bands

173

• MOLECULE

174

• The process by which organisms with certain
  traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate
  then organisms without these traits

175

• NATURAL SELECTION

176

• Tides with the smallest daily tidal range that
  occur during the first and third quarters of the
  moon

177

• NEAP TIDES

178

• A star in which nearly all the particles have
  become neutrons

179

• NEBULA

180

• A subatomic particle of the nucleus of an atom
  that has no charge

181

• NEUTRON

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• A large cloud of dust and gas in interstellar
  space

183

• NEBULA

184

• The movement of nitrogen from the nonliving
  environment into living things and back

185

• NITROGEN CYCLE

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• The tiny, very dense, positively charged region
  in the center of an atom

187

• NUCLEUS

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• A streamlike movement of water in the ocean

189

• OCEAN CURRENT

190

• A symbiotic association in which one organism
  benefits while the other is harmed

191

• Parasitism

192

• Each horizontal row of elements (from left to
  right) on the periodic table

193

• PERIOD

194

• An arrangement of the elements according to their
  atomic numbers

195

• PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

196

• An organisms appearance

197

• PHENOTYPE

198

• The theory that the lithosphere is divided into
  tectonic plates that move around on top of the
  asthenosphere

199

• PLATE TECTONICS

200

• Water, in a solid or liquid form, that falls from
  the air to Earth

201

• PRECIPITATION

202

• A substance formed from a chemical reaction

203

• PRODUCT

204

• A positively charged subatomic particle of the
  nucleus of an atom

205

• PROTON

206

• EM waves with long wavelengths and low frequencies

207

• RADIO WAVES

208

• A starting material in a chemical reaction

209

• REACTANT

210

• A trait that is apparent only when two recessive
  alleles for the same characteristic are inherited

211

• RECESSIVE TRAIT

212

• The process of breaking down trash and using the
  materials again

213

• RECYCLING

214

• The bouncing back of a wave after the wave hits a
  barrier

215

• REFLECTION

216

• A natural resource that can be used over and over
  or that has an unlimited supply

217

• RENEWABLE RESOURCE

218

• The continual process by which new rock is formed
  from old rock

219

• ROCK CYCLE

220

• The ways in which scientists answer questions and
  solve problems

221

• SCIENTIFIC METHODS

222

• The process by which new oceanic lithosphere
  forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates are
  pulled away from each other

223

• SEA-FLOOR SPREADING

224

• Rock that forms when pieces of rocks or minerals
  are glued together

225

• SEDIMENTARY ROCK

226

• The amount of energy needed to change the
  temperature of 1 kg or a substance by 1ºC

227

• SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

228

• The rainbow of colors produced when white light
  passes through a prism or spectrograph

229

• SPECTRUM

230

• A galaxy with a bulge in the center and very
  distinctive spiral arms

231

• SPIRAL GALAXY

232

• Tides that have the largest daily tidal range and
  occur during the new and full moons

233

• SPRING TIDE

234

• The amount of force per unit area that is put on
  a rock

235

• STRESS

236

• The region where oceanic lithosphere sinks down
  into the asthenosphere at a convergent boundary

237

• SUBDUCTION ZONE

238

• A close, long-term association between two or
  more species

239

• SYMBIOSIS

240

• A number written below and to the right of a
  chemical symbol in a formula

241

• SUBSCRIPT

242

• Huge pieces of the lithosphere that move around
  on top of the asthenosphere

243

• TECTONIC PLATES

244

• A measure of how hot (or cold) something is

245

• TEMPERATURE

246

• A unifying explanation for a broad range of
  hypotheses and observations that have been
  supported by testing

247

• THEORY

248

• Daily changes in the level of ocean water

249

• TIDES

250

• The boundary between two tectonic plates that are
  sliding past each other

251

• TRANSFORM BOUNDARY

252

• The lowest point of a wave

253

• TROUGH

254

• EM waves that are between visible light and X
  rays in the electromagnetic spectrum

255

• ULTRAVIOLET WAVES

256

• The state in which the combined forces exerted on
  an object do not add up to zero

257

• UNBALANCED

258

• All space and the matter space contains

259

• UNIVERSE

260

• The rising of regions of Earths crust to higher
  elevations

261

• UPLIFT

262

• The electrons in the outermost energy level of an
  atom

263

• VALENCE ELECTRONS

264

• A process in which cold, nutrient-rich water from
  the deep ocean rises to the surface and replaces
  warm surface water

265

• UPWELLING

266

• The movement of water through the atmosphere, the
  ground, bodies of water, and living things

267

• WATER CYCLE

268

• A disturbance that transmits energy through
  matter or space

269

• WAVE

270

• The distance between any two corresponding points
  that are adjacent on a wave

271

• WAVELENGTH

272

• The condition of the atmosphere at a certain time
  and place

273

• WEATHER

274

• The time required for the Earth to revolve once
  around the sun

275

• YEAR

276

• The tendency of all objects to resist any change
  in motion

277

• INERTIA

278

• The bending of a wave as the wave passes at an
  angle

279

• REFRACTION

280

• A wave that travels only through matter by
  creating vibrations in a medium

281

• MECHANICAL WAVES

282

• Properties that DO NOT change the chemical nature
  of matter

283

• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

284

• Elements that are grouped together based on their
  chemical properties and reactivity

285

• FAMILIES / GROUPS

286

• The passing of light through matter

287

• TRANSMITTED

288

• Push or Pull measured in (N) Newtons

289

• FORCE

290

• The highest point on a wave

291

• CREST

292

• An abbreviation of a chemical element using one
  or two letters

293

• CHEMICAL SYMBOL

294

• The force of attraction between two objects

295

• GRAVITY

296

• Causes a change in the speed or direction of an
  objects motion

297

• UNBALANCED FORCES

298

• The very narrow range of wavelengths and
  frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that
  humans can see

299

• VISIBLE LIGHT

300

• Properties that DO change the chemical nature of
  matter

301

• CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

302

• The transfer of energy through matter or space as
  electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and
  infrared waves

303

• RADIATION

304

• A star in which nearly all of the particles have
  become neutrons

305

• NEUTRON STAR

306

• The transfer of energy from one substance to
  another through direct contact

307

• CONDUCTION

308

• The gel-like fluid mixture inside a cell

309

• CYTOPLASM

310

• Usually found in plant cells where photosynthesis
  takes place

311

• CHLOROPLASTS

312

• The part of the microscope that holds the slide
  in place on the stage

313

• STAGE CLIPS

314

• The part of the microscope that supports the
  slide and allows light to come through

315

• STAGE

316

• The part of the microscope that you put your eye
  on to look at an organism

317

• EYEPIECE

318

• The part of the microscope that supports the
  eyepiece and maintains the correct distance from
  the eyepiece and the objectives

319

• BODY TUBE

320

• The part of the cell that destroys worn out or
  damaged organelles and gets rid of waste material

321

• LYSOSOME

322

• The part of the cell that burns food molecules to
  release energy

323

• MITOCHONDRIA

324

• A group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus.
  Single-celled organisms like bacteria

325

• PROKARYOTES

326

• The organelle that packages and transports
  material out of the cells

327

• GOLGI BODIES

328

• The outermost structure of a plant cell that
  provides strength and support

329

• CELL WALL

330

• Large vesicles found in plant cells that store
  water and other liquids

331

• VACUOLES

332

• The outer membrane of a cell that controls
  movement in and out of the cell

333

• CELL MEMBRANE

334

• A fault in which the hanging wall moves down
  because of tension

335

• NORMAL FAULT

336

• Hot, liquid rock material

337

• MAGMA

338

• A fault in which the hanging wall moves up
  because of compression

339

• REVERSE FAULT

340

• The presence of harmful or unwanted levels of
  substances in the environment

341

• POLLUTION

342

• A fault in which the plates move horizontally
  past each other because of shearing

343

• STRIKE-SLIP FAULT

344

• A force that causes rocks to be pulled apart

345

• TENSION

346

• The circular motion of liquids or gases caused by
  density differences that result from temperature
  differences

347

• CONVECTION CURRENTS

348

• A force that causes rocks to slide horizontally
  past each other

349

• SHEARING

350

• The process by which sediments are deposited /
  dropped in a new location

351

• DEPOSITION

352

• The type of stress in which an object is
  squeezed, as when two plates collide

353

• COMPRESSION

354

• The process by which water, ice, wind, and heat
  act to break down rocks

355

• WEATHERING

356

• The organelle that makes proteins

357

• RIBOSOME