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1877-1900 Post Reconstruction Self-Segregation

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Title: 1877-1900 Post Reconstruction Self-Segregation


1
1877-1900Post Reconstruction Self-Segregation
  • Black Codes during Reconstruction
  • Jim Crow Laws after Reconstruction
  • In rural deep south
  • All black communities in some locales
  • In towns, the other side of the tracks.

2
Leo Frank case 1913/1915
  • Leo Frank Accused of killing Mary Phagan.
  • Very little evidence against him but Frank was
    found guilty and sentenced to death.
  • Frank was convicted of the murder, but his death
    sentence was commuted to life imprisonment by
    Gov. Slaton
  • Two months later, Frank was taken from the prison
    by an angry mob, brought back to Marietta, and
    lynched by a group calling themselves the Knights
    of Mary Phagan.
  • Resulted in the rebirth of the KKK
  • Nov. 1915 Atlanta preacher William Simmons and
    34 others climbed to the top of Stone Mountain,
    lit torches, circled a burning cross, and rallied

3
Jim Crow laws
  • Separate but equal
  • Laws passed to establish facilities for whites
    and blacks
  • Resulted in separate bathrooms, water fountains,
    railroad cars, waiting rooms, schools
  • 1889 Georgia General Assembly segregated public
    facilities
  • Always separaterarely equal
  • African Americans protested the laws in public
    meetings
  • Henry McNeal Turner the civil rights laws and
    segregation that followed them was barbarous.

4
Plessy v. Ferguson
  • Staged as a way to test the constitutionality of
    the Jim Crow laws (Jim Crow Car Act of 1890)
  • Homer Plessy 7/8 white, 1/8 black took a seat in
    the whites only car of a train
  • When he refused to move, he was arrested under
    the above act which required separate but equal
    accommodations on train cars
  • Heard by the US Supreme Court in 1896
  • Upheld by a 7-1 vote (single dissenting vote
    John Marshall Harlan, a Southerner)
  • Plessy v. Ferguson gave states the right to
    control social discrimination and promote
    segregation

5
Plessy v. Ferguson
  • 1899 Richmond County closed the only public high
    school in Georgia for descendents of enslaved
    Africanspurely for economic reasons to create
    an elementary school
  • Parents sued the school board based on the
    original Plessy v. Ferguson case that ensured
    separate-but-equal facilities
  • Lower court agreed overturned by GA Supreme
    Court
  • December 1899 U.S. Supreme Court ruled
  • Africans had the right to be educated only to the
    8th grade
  • Closing the white high school did not relate to
    the equal rights granted by the 14th amendment
  • The use of funds to open the elementary school by
    closing the high school was a state issue
  • Ruling finally overturned in 1954 with Brown V.
    Board of Education which ended segregated schools

Picture Atlanta Journal-Constitution
6
Disenfranchisement
  • 1900 African-Americans make up 47 of Georgias
    population
  • Despite 15th amendment, laws were passed with the
    sole purpose of keeping them from voting
  • 1908 Grandfather clausestated that only men
    whose fathers or grandfathers had been eligible
    to vote in 1867 were eligible to vote (b/c so few
    African Americans had been able to vote in 1867
    it kept most of GAs Af. Amer from voting)
  • Poll tax a tax to be able to vote
  • Other requirements own property, pass literacy
    tests
  • Literacy tests were very subjectivecould be
    asked anything
  • (explain antidisestablishmentarianism)
  • Gerrymander a way of drawing up an election
    district to benefit a certain group (racial,
    political, special interest)

In 1812, the US portrait painter, Gilbert Stuart,
known for his portraits of the great US
presidents, noticed a map in a newspaper office.
The map showed a voting district that had been
created by the Democratically dominated
Massachusetts Assembly when Elbridge Gerry
(1744-1814) was governor. The district had a
peculiar shape that assured that any election in
that district would favor the Democrats. Stuart
drew eyes, claws, and wings on the outline of the
district because it looked like a salamander.
Someone in the office watched him and blended
Gerry with salamander on the spot to create the
word, gerrymander which survived to this today.
7
Booker T. Washington
  • Important civil rights leader
  • President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama
  • Believed that economic independence was the only
    road to social and political equality
  • African Americans should focus on learning skills
    and gaining economic strength
  • Urged white Southerners to remember that the
    African American workforce had created the wealth
    of the Southfeared that African Americans would
    be cast aside for immigrant labor
  • Speech Atlantas Cotton States and International
    Exposition in 1895--condoned social segregation
    of the races, provided that educational and
    economic opportunities were equal.

8
W.E.B. Dubois
  • Disagreed with Washington
  • Called for social and political integration
  • Talented 10th higher education for 10 of the
    African American populationthis group could
    become leaders for the community
  • Thought Washington was making decisions that
    affected all blacks negatively
  • Disagreed that blacks who became economically
    successful and waited long enough would help
    improve race relations

9
Atlanta Race Riot--1906
  • Sept. 22, 1906 over 5000 whites and African
    Americans had gathered on Decatur Street
  • Lasted 2 days martial law declared
  • 18 African Americans killed
  • 3 whites killed
  • Hundreds injured
  • Value of property destroyed very high
  • How did propaganda contribute to the riot?
  • Tom Watson spread racial fears
  • Hoke Smith used racial fears to gain votes
    during the governors race that year
  • Atlanta Newspapers printed story after story of
    African American violence against whites

10
John and Lugenia Burns Hope
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