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Title: CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories


1
CGE Training MaterialsNational Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
  • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF)
    Sector
  • Version 2, April 2012

Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
2
Target Audience and Objective of the Training
Materials
  • These training materials are suitable for people
    with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of
    national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory
    development.
  • After having read this Presentation, in
    combination with the related documentation, the
    reader should
  • Have an overview of how emissions inventories are
    developed for the land use, land-use change and
    forestry sector
  • Have a general understanding of the methods
    available, as well as of the main challenges of
    GHG inventory development in that particular
    area
  • Be able to determine which methods suits their
    countrys situation best
  • Know where to find more detailed information on
    the topic discussed.
  • These training materials have been developed
    primarily on the basis of methodologies developed
    by the IPCC hence the reader is always
    encouraged to refer to the original documents to
    obtain further detailed information on a
    particular issue.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
3
Acronyms
  • AD Activity Data
  • AGR Annual Growth Rate
  • EF Emission Factor
  • EFDB IPCC Emission Factor Database
  • GPG Good Practice Guidance
  • LUCF Land-Use Change and Forestry
  • LULUCF Land Use, land-Use Change and Forestry
  • RF Removal Factor

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
4
Outline of Course Land Use, Land-Use Change
and Forestry (LULUCF)
  • Introduction (slide 5)
  • Definitions (slide 6)
  • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 10)
  • IPCC good practice guidance for LULUCF (GPG 2003)
    (slide 36)

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
5
Introduction
  • This presentation aims to assist non-Annex I
    (NAI) Party experts in preparing GHG inventories
    in the LULUCF sector using the Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines and the IPCC good practice guidance
    for LULUCF (GPG 2003), particularly in the
    context of UNFCCC decision 17/CP.8, focusing on
  • The need to shift to GPG 2003 and higher
    tiers/methods to reduce uncertainty
  • Overview of the tools and methods
  • Review of activity data (AD) and emission factors
    (EF) and options to reduce uncertainty
  • Use of UNFCCC inventory software and IPCC
    emission factor database (EFDB).

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
6
Definition of Key Terms
  • LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) Land use is
    the type of activity being carried out on a unit
    of land, such as forest land, cropland and
    grassland. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines refer
    to sources and sinks associated with GHG
    emissions/removals from human activities, which
  • Change the way land is used (e.g., clearing of
    forest for agriculture, conversion of grassland
    to forest)
  • Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass
    stocks (e.g., forest, village trees, savanna) and
    soil carbon stocks.
  • LULUCF (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry)
    This includes GHG emissions/removals resulting
    from managed land (involving no change in use,
    such as forest remaining forest land) and
    land-use changes (involving changes in land-use,
    such as grassland converted to forest land or
    forest land converted to cropland).

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
7
Definitions (cont.)
  • Source Any process or activity that releases a
    GHG (such as CO2 and CH4) into the atmosphere. A
    carbon pool can be a source of carbon to the
    atmosphere if less carbon is flowing into it than
    is flowing out of it.
  • Sink Any process, activity or mechanism that
    removes a GHG from the atmosphere. A given pool
    can be a sink for atmospheric carbon if during a
    given time interval more carbon is flowing into
    it than is flowing out of it.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
8
Definitions (cont.)
  • Activity data Data on the magnitude of human
    activity, resulting in emissions/removals taking
    place during a given period of time (e.g., data
    on land area, management systems, lime and
    fertilizer use).
  • Emission factor A coefficient that relates the
    activity data to the amount of chemical compound,
    which is the source of later emissions.
    Emission/removal factors are often based on a
    sample of measurement data, averaged to develop a
    representative rate of emission or removal for a
    given activity level under a given set of
    operating conditions.
  • Removal factor Rate at which carbon is taken up
    from the atmosphere by a terrestrial system and
    sequestered in biomass and soil.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
9
Contribution and Role of LUCF Sector to NAI GHG
Emissions 3 examples
  • Argentina, Indonesia and Zimbabwe for 1994
  • LUCF sector has a significant impact on national
    net CO2 equivalent emissions in most developing
    countries, being sink or source
  • LUCF sector is a net sink for Argentina and
    Zimbabwe
  • Net source for Indonesia, which experienced
    forest land conversion of over one Mha
  • Inclusion of LUCF sector in the inventory had the
    following impact on GHG emissions
  • Argentina Emissions of 119 Tg CO2 when LUCF
    excluded, but 84 TgCO2 when LUCF included
  • Indonesia Emissions of 189 Tg CO2 when LUCF
    excluded, but 344 Tg CO2 when LUCF included.
  • Zimbabwe Source of 17 Tg CO2 when LUCF excluded,
    but a net sink of 45 TgCO2 when LUCF included.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
10
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Basic assumptions
  • The flux of CO2 to/from atmosphere is assumed to
    be equal to changes in carbon stocks in existing
    biomass and soils
  • Changes in carbon stocks can be estimated by
    establishing rates of change in land use and
    practices that bring about change in land use
  • Estimating carbon stocks in land-use categories
  • That are not subjected to change
  • That are changed.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
11
Four Default Categories in Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines
  • 5A. Changes in forest and other woody biomass
    stocks due to
  • Commercial management
  • Harvest of industrial roundwood (logs) and
    fuelwood
  • Establishment and operation of forest plantations
  • Planting of trees in urban, village and
    non-forest locations.
  • 5B. Forest and grassland conversion
  • The conversion of forests and grassland to
    pasture, cropland etc, can significantly change
    carbon stocks in vegetation and soil.
  • 5C. Abandonment of cropland, pasture, plantation
    forests, or other managed lands
  • 5D. CO2 emissions and removals from soils
  • Cultivation of mineral soils
  • Cultivation of organic soils
  • Liming of agricultural soils.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
12
Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LUCF Sector
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
13
Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines
  • Step 0 The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines do not
    provide a key category analysis approach.
    Inventory experts are encouraged to conduct it
    using GPG 2003.
  • Step 1 Select the land-use categories
    (forest/plantations), vegetation types subjected
    to conversion (forest and grassland), changes in
    land-use/management systems (for soil carbon
    inventory).
  • Step 2 Assemble the required AD, depending on
    tier selected, from local, provincial, national
    and global databases, including EFDB.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
14
Basic Steps in Preparing Inventory Using Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines (cont.)
  • Step 3 Collect EF/RF, depending on tier level
    selected, from local/regional/national/global
    databases, including EFDB.
  • Step 4 Estimate GHG emissions and removals.
  • Step 5 Estimate uncertainty involved.
  • Step 6 Report GHG emissions/removals.
  • Step 7 Report all procedures, equations and
    sources of data used for GHG inventory estimation.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
15
Category 5A. Steps
  • Step 1 Estimate total biomass carbon uptake by
    using area under different plantations/forests
    (AD) and annual biomass growth rate (removal
    factor).
  • Step 2 Estimate total biomass consumption by
    adding commercial harvest, fuelwood consumption
    and other wood use.
  • Step 3 Estimate the net carbon uptake or release
    by deducting the consumption or loss from total
    biomass carbon uptake.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Sources of AD
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Emission/Removal Factors
  • The key emission/removal factors include
  • annual biomass growth rate, carbon fraction of
    dry matter, biomass expansion ratio.
  • Biomass Expansion Ratios (BERs) as given in the
    Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines are required to
    convert commercial roundwood harvested biomass
    (in m3) to total above-ground biomass (in
    tonnes).
  • Similarly, AGB/BGB ratio is required to estimate
    BGB using data on AGB and the conversion ratio,
    according to GPG 2003.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Sources of EF/RF
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Assessment of Emission Factors and Strategy for
Improvement
  • To reduce uncertainty, it is desirable to use
    nationally derived AD and EF at as disaggregated
    level as possible.
  • Example Annual Growth Rate (AGR) of biomass is
    mean annual above-ground biomass growth rate
    expressed in t/ha/year. AGR varies with
  • Forest or vegetation or plantation types (e.g.
    evergreen/deciduous/eucalyptus)
  • Climatic region based on latitude and rainfall
    (e.g. humid, sub-humid, semi-arid, arid)
  • Age of the forest or plantation stand
  • Management system or silvicultural practice (e.g.
    thinning, fertilizer application, fire
    management).

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
20
Short-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values
  • Disaggregate the land use, forest or vegetation
    types occurring in the country at as fine a level
    as possible along the following lines or using
    other more nationally relevant stratification
  • Different forest types/vegetation
    types/plantations
  • Latitude tropical, temperate, boreal
  • Rainfall zone (mm/yr) humid (gt2000), semiarid
    (5001000), arid (lt500)
  • Age of the stand 05 yr, 5 to 10 yr, 1020 yr, gt
    20yr
  • Management system naturally regenerated or
    planted
  • Other category.
  • Allocate area of different forest
    types/plantations in the country, using forest
    map, rainfall zone map, soil map and other
    statistical information.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
21
Illustration of UNFCCC Inventory Software
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
Total carbon uptake increment (in kt C) Area of
forest/plantation category (in kha) Annual
growth rate (in t dm/ha) Carbon fraction of dry
matter From UNFCCC Software Sheet 5-1s1
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Category 5B. Forest and Grassland Conversion
  • Worksheet 5.2

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
23
Category 5B. Steps
  • Step 1 Estimate annual loss of biomass due to
    conversion.
  • Step 2 Estimate quantity of carbon released from
    fraction of biomass burned on-site.
  • Step 3 Estimate quantity of carbon released from
    fraction of biomass burned off-site.
  • Step 4 Estimate carbon released from decay of
    above-ground biomass.
  • Step 5 Estimate total annual CO2 release from
    burning and decay of biomass, resulting from
    forest and grassland conversion.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
24
Issues in Estimating CO2 Emissions from Biomass
Forest and Grassland Conversion
  • Lack of compatibility between Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines vegetation types and national
    circumstances or classification
  • Absence of forest and grassland conversion data
    for the inventory year as well as the 10-year
    average
  • Lack of methods for savanna/grassland burning
  • Lack of disaggregated activity data on biomass
    stock before and after conversion
  • Lack of clarity on fraction of biomass burnt
    on-site, off-site and left to decay
  • Biomass burned for energy is reported in the
    energy sector.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Sources of AD
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Sources of EF
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Category 5C. Abandonment of Managed Lands
  • Worksheet 5-4

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Category 5C. Steps Estimation Procedure
  • Step 1 Estimate the annual carbon uptake in
    above-ground biomass, using the area abandoned
    (during the previous 20 years) and annual biomass
    growth.
  • Step 2 Estimate the total carbon uptake from
    area abandoned (during 20100 years) and annual
    growth rate.
  • Step 3 Estimate the total carbon uptake from
    abandoned land (Step 1 Step 2).

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Issues in Estimating CO2 Uptake from Abandonment
of Managed Lands
  • Lack of compatibility between vegetation types
    given in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and
    national classification for abandoned land
  • Lack of methods to identify managed land
    abandoned and regenerating
  • according to different vegetation types
  • for the past 20 years and 20100 years
  • Absence of annual data for aboveground biomass
    growth for abandoned land
  • according to different vegetation types
  • for the past 20 years and 20100 years.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Category 5D. CO2 Emissions and Removals from Soils
  • Worksheet 5-5

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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Category 5D. Steps
  • Step 1 Changes in soil carbon for mineral soils.
  • Step 2 Carbon emissions from intensively managed
    organic soils.
  • Step 3 Carbon emissions from liming of
    agricultural soils.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Methodological and Data Related Issues on Soil
Carbon
  • Absence of linkage between biomass carbon and
    soil carbon for different land categories or
    vegetation types
  • Ambiguity in classification of land-use/management
    systems, and soil types
  • Absence of activity data on land area under
    different conditions
  • land-use/management systems
  • soil type
  • for periods t (inventory year), and t20
  • intensively managed organic soils
  • Absence of emission factors such as soil carbon
    in mineral soils and annual loss rate of carbon
    in managed organic soils.

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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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Sources of AD
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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Sources of Emission/Removal Factors
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Summary of Methodological Issues/Problems in GHG
Inventory Using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
  • Compatibility of Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
    land categories to national classification
  • High uncertainty of inventory, AD and EF
  • Lack of disaggregated data, particularly on
    vegetation types
  • Lack of clarity for reporting estimates of
    emissions/removals in managed natural forest
  • Lack of consistency in estimating/reporting total
    biomass or only above-ground biomass
  • Lack of methods for below-ground biomass and for
    incorporating non-forest areas, such as coffee,
    tea, coconut, cashew nut
  • Difficulty in differentiating managed
    (anthropogenically impacted) and natural forests
  • Ambiguity in terminology, e.g. forest,
    afforestation, reforestation, managed forest
  • Complexity of the methodology.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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GPG 2003 LULUCF
  • Land-Use Categories and Methods

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Mapping/Linkage Between the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines and GPG2003
  • GPG 2003 is based on a land-use category
    approach, and provides a procedure to link
    inventory estimates of GPG 2003 to the Revised
    1996 IPCC Guidelines, based on Categories 5A to
    5D.
  • However, the inventory estimates obtained using
    the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines could be
    different from the estimates obtained using GPG
    2003 due to the following reasons
  • Inclusion of additional land categories, e.g.
    agro-forestry, coconut, coffee, tea
  • Inclusion of additional carbon pools belowground
    biomass, dead organic matter, etc.
  • Estimation of biomass increment and losses in
    each land category, sub-category
  • Linking of biomass and soil carbon for each land
    category
  • Use of improved default values.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Reporting of GHG Inventory in the LULUCF Sector
GPG2003
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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GPG2003 - Major Advancements 1
  • GPG2003 adopted two major advances over the
    Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines. The first is
  • Three hierarchical tiers of methods
  • T1 use of default data and simple equations
  • T2 use of country-specific data and
  • T3 models to accommodate national circumstances.

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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Rationale for Adopting GPG2003
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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
Inventories
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Combination of Tiers
  • NAI experts can adopt multiple tiers in the GHG
    inventory for LULUCF sector
  • For different land-use categories
  • Within a given land-use category for different
    carbon pools
  • Within a carbon pool, for activity data and
    emission factor.
  • Adopt higher tiers for key categories and
    wherever possible use country-specific, climatic
    region-specific emission/removal factors

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Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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GPG 2003 - Major Advancements 2
  • 2. Land-use-category-based approach for
    organizing methodologies
  • Six land-use categories to ensure consistent
    representation, covering all geographic areas of
    a country
  • Forest land, cropland, grassland, wetland,
    settlements and other lands
  • Each land-use category is further disaggregated
    to reflect the past and the current land use
  • Forest land remaining forest land
  • Lands converted to forest land.

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In addition GPG 2003 includes Key Source/Sink
Category Analysis
  • GPG 2003 assists Parties in identifying the key
  • Land categories (e.g. forest land, cropland,
    etc.)
  • Gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O)
  • Carbon pools (living biomass, dead organic matter
    and soil organic carbon).
  • The decision trees given in GPG 2003 could be
    adopted
  • Decision trees at two levels of disaggregation
  • Land remaining in the same land-use category
    (e.g. forest land remaining forest land)
  • Land converted to another land-use category (e.g.
    grassland converted to forest).

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Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas
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Definitions of Land-Use Categories in GPG 2003
  • Forest land all land with woody vegetation
    consistent with thresholds used to define forest
    land in the national GHG inventory, sub-divided
    into managed and unmanaged, and also by ecosystem
    type as specified in the Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines. Also includes systems with vegetation
    that fall below, but are expected to exceed, the
    threshold of the forest land category.
  • Cropland land that is not forest land or
    grassland. (Arable and tillage land, and
    agro-forestry systems where woody vegetation
    falls below the thresholds used for the forest
    land).

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Definitions (cont.)
  • Grassland rangelands and pasture land that is
    not forest land or cropland. (Pasture lands with
    woody vegetation below the threshold used in the
    forest land category and not expected to exceed
    it without human intervention are included).
  • Settlements all developed land, including
    transportation infrastructure and human
    settlements of any size, unless they are already
    included under other categories. This should be
    consistent with the selection of national
    definitions.

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Definitions (cont.)
  • Wetland land covered or saturated by water for
    all or part of the year and that does not fall
    into the forest land, cropland, grassland or
    settlements categories.
  • Other lands includes bare soil, rock, ice, and
    all unmanaged land areas that do not fall into
    any of the other five categories. It allows the
    total of identified land areas to match the
    national area, where data are available.

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Important
  • Classify land under only one category to prevent
    double counting.
  • It is good practice to combine or disaggregate
    the existing land classes of a land-use
    classification in order to use the categories
    presented here, and to report on the procedure
    adopted.
  • It is good practice to specify national
    definitions for all categories used in the
    inventory and report any threshold or parameter
    values used in the definitions.

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Other Categories
  • Harvested wood products (HWP), wetlands and other
    sources/sinks
  • Default assumption of Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines is that
  • HWP pool is constant. So carbon removed in wood
    and other biomass from forests is oxidized in the
    year of harvest
  • Countries may report on HWP pools, if they can
    document that existing stocks of forest products
    are in fact increasing
  • GPG2003-Appendix provides guidance on
    methodological issues for accounting emissions
    and removals from HWP.

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Land Representation is Key 3 Approaches in GPG
2003
Approach 1
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Approach 2
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Approach 3 Spacially Explicit (GIS required)
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Carbon Pools
  • CO2 emissions and removal are estimated for all
    the carbon pools namely
  • Aboveground biomass (AB)
  • Belowground biomass (BB)
  • Soil organic carbon (SOC)
  • Dead organic matter (DOM) and woody litter (L)

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Non-CO2 Gases and Sources of Non-CO2 Gases
  • Non-CO2 gases estimated include
  • CH4, N2O, CO and NOx
  • Sources of non-CO2 gases
  • N2O and CH4 from forest fires
  • N2O from managed (fertilized) forests
  • N2O from drainage of forest soils
  • N2O and CH4 from managed wetland
  • Soil emissions of N2O from land-use conversion.

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Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003
  • Accounts for all land-use categories and
    subcategories, all carbon pools and non-CO2
    gases, depending on key source/sink category
    analysis
  • Select nationally adopted land-use classification
    system (categories and sub-categories) for
    inventory estimation. Each land category is
    further subdivided into
  • Land remaining in the same category (e.g. forest
    land remaining forest land)
  • Other land category converted to this land
    category (e.g. grassland converted to forest
    land).

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Broad Approach and Steps in Adopting GPG 2003
(cont.)
  • Select appropriate land classification system
    most relevant to country
  • Conduct key source/sink category analysis to
    identify the key
  • Land categories and subcategories
  • Non-CO2 gases
  • Carbon pools.

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Steps to Adopting GPG 2003
  • Select appropriate tier level for key land
    categories and sub-categories, non-CO2 gases and
    carbon pools, based on key category analysis as
    well as resources available for the inventory
    process.
  • Assemble required AD, depending on tier selected,
    from regional, national and global databases.
  • Collect EF/RF, depending on tier selected, from
    regional, national and global databases, forest
    inventories, national greenhouse gas inventory
    studies, field experiments and surveys and use of
    EFDB.

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Steps to Adopting GPG 2003
  • Select method of estimation, based on tier level
    selected, quantify emissions/removals for each
    land-use category, carbon pool and non-CO2 gas.
    Adopt default worksheet provided in GPG2003.
  • Estimate uncertainty.
  • Adopt quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC)
    procedures and report results.
  • Report GHG emissions and removals using the
    reporting tables.
  • Document and archive all information used.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach Forest
Land
  • Estimates carbon stock changes and GHG
    emissions/removals associated with changes in
    biomass and soil organic carbon on forest land
    and lands converted to forest land
  • Forest land remaining forest
  • Land converted to forest
  • Provides methodology for five carbon pools
  • Links biomass and soil carbon pools for the same
    land areas (at higher tiers).

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Where ?C FFLB annual change in carbon stocks
in living biomass (includes above- and
belowground biomass) in forest land remaining
forest land, tonnes C yr-1 C t2 total carbon in
biomass calculated at time t2, tonnes C C t1
total carbon in biomass calculated at time t1,
tonnes C V merchantable volume, m3 ha-1 D
basic wood density, tonnes d.m. m-3 merchantable
volume BEF2 biomass expansion factor for
conversion of merchantable volume to aboveground
tree biomass, dimensionless.
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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Cropland
  • Provides methods for estimating carbon stock
    changes in living biomass, mineral soils and in
    organic soils
  • Provides methods for estimating annual N2O
    emissions from mineral soils due to addition of
    nitogen (in the form of fertilizer, manure and
    crop residue) and nitrogen released by soil
    organic matter mineralization
  • These categories are estimated and reported in
    the agriculture sector in Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Grassland
  • Methodology for estimating carbon stock changes
    in living biomass and soils in grassland and
    lands converted to grassland
  • Estimates annual change in carbon stocks in
    living biomass and soil organic carbon (mineral
    soils and cultivated organic soils) in grassland
    remaining grassland and lands converted to
    grassland
  • Methodology for estimating non-CO2 emissions from
    vegetation fires based on area of grassland
    burned, mass of available fuel, combustion
    efficiency and emission factor for each GHG from
    grassland remaining grassland and land converted
    to grassland.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Wetlands
  • The GHGs estimated include CO2, CH4 and N2O
  • Methodology for estimating GHGs for wetlands
    remaining wetlands is given in the Appendix and
    for GHGs from lands converted to wetlands in
    the main text
  • Estimates changes in carbon stocks in lands
    converted to wetlands due to peat extraction and
    land converted to flooded land
  • Estimates N2O emissions from peatland drainage
    and flooded land and CH4 emissions from flooded
    land.

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Features of Land-category-based Approach
Settlements and Other Land
  • Settlements
  • Provides methodology for estimating CO2 emissions
    and removals for lands converted to settlements
    and methodology is given in Appendix for
    settlements remaining settlements
  • Methods for estimating annual change in carbon
    stocks in living biomass in forest lands
    converted to settlements based on area of land
    converted and carbon stock in living biomass
    immediately before and after conversion to
    settlements.
  •  Other land
  • Changes in carbon stocks and non-CO2
    emissions/removals need not be assessed for
    category of other land remaining other land
  • Methodology provided for estimating annual change
    in carbon stocks in land converted to other
    land based on estimates of change in carbon
    stocks in living biomass and SOC.

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Improvements for the Future
  • Non-Annex I Parties may have to
  • Initiate dedicated inventory programmes
  • Provide infrastructural and technical support for
    sustained inventory process.
  • This may involve
  • Organizing periodic forest inventories
  • Use of satellite or remote-sensing-based land-use
    maps
  • Development of nationally relevant
    emission/removal factors.
  • It is likely that many NAI Parties lack resources
    needed to initiate satellite-based monitoring
  • Obtain satellite maps from institutions such as
    FAO, UNEP and NASA and undertake ground truthing.

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Short-term Strategy
  • Check Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, GPG 2003,
    EFDB and other global sources and select the
    closest default values
  • Check whether any national forest inventory
    studies are available (many NAI Parties have
    them) and collect the growth rate data
  • Review the national and international literature
    (web sites of FAO, CGIAR centres, universities,
    books and reports)
  • Compile all the parameter values available from
    national and international sources for the
    disaggregated or stratified forest/plantation
    types
  • Select the most appropriate AGR for each stratum
    of the forest/plantation types.

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Long-term Strategy for Improving AGR Values
  • Initiate national forest inventory studies
  • Disaggregate/stratify the forest/plantation types
  • Adopt sampling technique as explained in GPG2003
    (Chapter 3 and 4)
  • Adopt permanent plots with proper boundaries
    marked for periodic revisits
  • Refer to any text book on forest mensuration or
    web sites such as www.winrock.org, www.cifor.org,
    etc., for methods of measurement and estimation
  • Estimate the standard deviation or variance.

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Comparing Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelinesand GPG
2003
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Comparison of GPG 2003 and the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines
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Key Activity Data Required for GPG 2003 and
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
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Key Emission Factors Required for GPG 2003 and
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
  • Emission factors common to both
  • Aboveground biomass growth rate, biomass density
  • Aboveground biomass stock, soil carbon density
  • Fraction of biomass left to decay.

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Conclusion and Strategy for the Future
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Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
  • NAI experts and compilation and synthesis reports
    by UNFCCC have identified a number of issues and
    problems in using the Revised 1996 IPCC
    Guidelines, including
  • Lack of clarity in the methods and inadequacies
    of the methods
  • Lack of AD and EF
  • Low quality or reliability of AD and EF
  • High uncertainty of AD and EF, leading to
    uncertainty in inventory estimates
  • Unsuitability.

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GPG 2003
  • GPG 2003 was intended to overcome some of the
    methodological issues/problems identified in
    using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
  • Suggests methods to reduce uncertainty
  • Suggests an improved land category and full
    carbon (and non-CO2 gases) estimation based
    approach and methods.
  • Adoption of GPG 2003 approach will lead to
  • Full and consistent representation, consideration
    and reporting of all land categories
  • Full carbon (all 5 carbon pools) estimation
  • Reduced uncertainty
  • Efficient use of limited inventory resources.

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Thank you!
Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)
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