Smaller-scale Manure Composting Strategies

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Composting Systems An Overview

• Michael Massey
• Horse Manure Mgmt., Spring 2007
• February 1, 2007

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Composting Systems?
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• Theory is nice, but how do you do it?
• Each system is site-specific
• Your system is engineered to fit your situation
• Different types involve tradeoffs between
  numerous factors such as management requirements,
  cost, and performance

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Factors to Consider
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• Number of horses (amount of manure)
• Bedding volume/type
• Space limitations, equipment size
• Local climate (rainy? Semi-arid like CO?)
• Budget (initial and operating costs)
• Labor and management requirements
• Neighbors, odor issues, local regulations
• Water quality (keep away from streams, etc.)

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Common Ways to Compost
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Dynamically Aerated Windrows
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Source www.columbiapa.net, used without
permission
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Dynamic Composting
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• Refer to fact sheet for full instructions
• Used most often for larger scale, but can be done
  at any scale
• Monitor temperature, turn when it cools off
• Turning aerates pile, mixes compost
• Check moisture!

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Add New Material to One End
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Dynamic Composting Advantages
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• Temperature and moisture control
• Mixing of pile ensures that all parts are exposed
  to high temperatures
• High temperatures (140F) can kill pathogens,
  weed seeds

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Whats the Catch?
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• Dynamic composting requires either equipment
  (such as a compost turner, front end loader,
  etc.) or a lot of sweat!
• Equipment is expensive to purchase and maintain,
  and is not always properly sized to be practical
  for smaller operations
• Fuel cost, labor time

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Alternative Methods
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• Static composting no turning, no giant vehicles
• Vermicomposting let worms do (most of) the work

Source (top) organic.tfrec.wsu.edu, used without
permission
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Types of Static Composting
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• Passive aeration (PA) Air is drawn up into the
  compost through perforated pipes at the bottom
  of the pile
• Forced (active) aeration (FA) Air is pumped in
  with a fan or blower
• Natural aeration (NA) There is no method for
  delivery of air to the compost, only diffusion
  from the surrounding air

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Drawbacks
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• NA can only be used at 50 or lower moisture
  content
• FA costs more to install and operate than PA, can
  dry out and cool the pile by over-aeration
• PA has lower temperatures than FA and dynamic
  (pathogen risk)

Source Fernandes et al., 1994, used without
permission
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Passively Aerated Static Compost
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Source organic.tfrec.wsu.edu, used without
permission
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Building a Static Pile
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Source organic.tfrec.wsu.edu, used without
permission
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How to Build a Static Pile
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• Porous bottom layer
• Evenly spaced perforated pipes
• Layers of manure, bedding, etc.
• Mulch or finished compost layer on top
• See details in extension publication 1.226
• For active aeration, attach aeration pipe(s) to
  fan or blower (hopefully with timer)

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Shopping List for Passively Aerated Static
Composting
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• 10 cm (4) diameter perforated pipes (PVC or
  metal) with 0.5-1 holes spaced 6-12 apart, 10
  long
• Screen to cover holes if facing upward
• Wood chips, finished compost, or peat to make
  base layer and to cover outside of pile

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Commercial Forced Aeration Systems
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• Small forced aeration systems available from
  O2Compost
• Easier to purchase than to design and install on
  your own
• (Im not endorsing the product, Im just saying)

Source (top) www.o2compost.com, (bottom)
organic.tfrec.wsu.edu, used without permission
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Vermicomposting in Brief
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• Worms (like Eisenia fetida) are expensive to buy,
  but reproduce
• Worm population requires monitoring and care
  (must cover, too)
• Can handle higher C/N ratio (incl. bedding mix)
• Payoff Vermicompost can command a premium price!

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Pathogens in Vermicomposting
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• Pathogenic bacteria, etc. may not all be
  destroyed when they pass through a worms
  digestive tract
• Static composting of the material for one week
  before adding worms has been found to destroy
  pathogens, weed seeds, etc. more effectively due
  to heat
• Worms naturally move in when it cools

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If you want to try worms
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• There are a lot of great resources on
  vermicomposting, one of which is CSU extension
  publication number 1.224, Vermicomposting Horse
  Manure.

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You Can Use Bins, Too
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• Bins can be used with any method, with some
  modifications
• Must have adequate bin space to hold the expected
  amount of manure
• Advantages easy to cover if needed, aesthetics

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So Which is Best?
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• Depends on your situation!
• Lowest management requirement static composting
  (esp. passively aerated)
• Best pathogen and weed seed destruction dynamic
  windrows
• Premium price vermicomposting
• Compromise actively aerated static compost
  (dont overdo it!)

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Keep in Mind
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• The right composting system for you will depend
  on how much space, manure and bedding you have,
  your goals, budget, how much time you want to
  spend managing it
• Climate affects design and management (wet
  areas cover to prevent water logging, dry areas
  add water, prevent evaporation)
• Composting can save you money, and keeps your
  manure out of the landfill! Choosing the right
  system for your situation is important

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Further Reading
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• Bansal, S. and Kapoor, K.K. 2000.
  Vermicomposting of Crop Residues and Cattle Dung
  with Eisenia foetida. Bioresource Technology 73,
  95-98.
• Barrington, S., D. Choiniere, M. Trigui, and W.
  Knight. 2003. Compost Convective Airflow Under
  Passive Aeration. Bioresource Technology 86,
  259-266.
• Card, A.B. J.V. Anderson, and J.G. Davis. 2002.
  1.224, Vermicomposting Horse Manure. Colorado
  State University Cooperative Extension.
• Card, A.B. and J.G. Davis. 2002. 1.225,
  Composting Horse Manure in Dynamic Windrows.
  Colorado State University Cooperative Extension.
• Card, A.B. and J.G. Davis. 2002. 1.226,
  Composting Horse Manure in Static Windrows
  Passively Aerated Windrow Method. Colorado State
  University Cooperative Extension.
• Contreras-Ramos, S.M., E.M. Escamilla-Silva, and
  L. Dendooven. 2005. Vermicomposting of
  Biosolids with Cow Manure and Oat Straw. Biol.
  Fertil. Soils 41, 190-198.
• Davis, J.G. and A.M. Swinker. 1996. 1.219,
  Horse Manure Management. Colorado State
  University Cooperative Extension.
• Fernandes, L., W. Zhan, N.K. Patni, and P.Y. Jui.
  1994. Temperature Distribution and Variation in
  Passively Aerated Static Compost Piles.
  Transactions of the ASAE 48, 257-263.
• Larney, F.J., L.J. Yanke, J.J. Miller, and T.A.
  McAllister. 2003. Fate of Coliform Bacteria in
  Composted Beef Cattle Feedlot Manure. Journal of
  Environmental Quality 32, 1508-1515.
• Larney, F.J., A.F. Olson, A.A. Carcamo, and C.
  Chang. 2000. Physical Changes During Active and
  Passive Composting of Beef Feedlot Manure in
  Winter and Summer. Bioresource Technology 75,
  139-148.
• Lynch, N.J. and R.S. Cherry. 1996. Design of
  Passively Aerated Compost Piles Vertical Air
  Velocities Between the Pipes. Biotechnol. Prog.
  12, 624-629.
• Mitchell, A. 1997. Production of Eisenia Fetida
  and Vermicompost from Feed-Lot Cattle Manure.
  Soil Bioogy and Biochemistry 29, 763-766.
• Mote, C.R., B.L. Emerton, J.S. Allison, H.H.
  Dowlen, and S.P. Oliver. 1988. Survival of
  Coliform Bacteria in Static Compost Piles of
  Dairy Waste Solids Intended for Freestall
  Bedding. Journal of Dairy Science 71, 1676-1681.
• O2Compost forced aeration compost systems.
  http//www.o2compost.com (accessed Dec 2006).
• Sartaj, M., L. Fernandes and N.K. Patni. 1997.
  Performance of Forced, Passive, and Natural
  Aeration Methods for Composting Manure Slurries.
  Transactions of the ASAE 40, 457-463.

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