IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
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• Food is the fundamental requirement of all living
  organisms because they need energy to run all the
  life processes. Food consists of various
  components like Carbohydrate, Fat, Mineral,
  vitamins and Proteins. Each of the components has
  a specific role to play in our body and therefore
  a balanced diet is important for all of us.

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Sustainable Development

• The intensive farm practices in the past have led
  to overexploitation of our land resources.
  Furthermore excessive use of chemical
  fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides has
  degraded the quality of our environment. The need
  of the hour is to increase the food production
  without further damage to the environment. In
  other words there is an urgent need for
  sustainable development i.e. a type of
  development that fulfils the needs of the present
  generation without compromising on the needs of
  the future generations.

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IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS

• Food crops
• Cereals
• pulses
• oil seeds
• Green vegetables, fruits and spices provide
  vitamins and minerals needed for proper
  functioning of human body.

• Fodder crops Some plants grown to feed the
  livestock. Examples
• Berseem, oats, and Sudan grass

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Requirements of crop growth
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Climatic conditions
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Photoperiod

• Crops also require light for different durations
  a phenomenon called Photoperiod for proper growth
  and flowering.

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Hybridization

• Traditional method of crop improvement.
• This involves crossing two different plants which
  are genetically different.

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Some important terms related to hybridization

• Variety Group of plants characterized by
  specific desirable features.
• Species Category of closely related organisms
  that can breed among themselves to give rise to
  fertile off springs.
• Genus Group of closely related species.

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GM or Genetically Modified crops

• This is based on a newer method called genetic
  engineering.
• It involves cutting and transfer of specific
  genes to crop plants for their improvement.
• The method leads to rapid and desirable results
  but there are many ethical and safety concerns
  related to such food crops.

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Objectives achieved through crop improvement
programs

• Higher yield per unit of land.
• Improved product quality.
• Resistance against Biotic stresses (disease
  causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi insects
  and nematodes) and Abiotic stresses (adverse
  climate and soil conditions)

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• Reducing the crop maturity time.
• Tolerance to a wider range of climatic
  conditions.
• Better agronomic features- For example profuse
  branching is desirable in fodder crops dwarf
  ness is desirable in cereal crops etc.

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NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT

• Plants need nutrients which they collect from
  various sources.

Source Nutrient
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
Soil Macro micro nutrients.
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Macronutrients Micronutrients
Nitrogen Iron
Phosphorus Manganese
Potassium Boron
Calcium Zinc
Magnesium Copper
Sulpher Molybdenum
Chlorine.
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Methods to replenish nutrients in soil

• MANURE These are products of degradation of
  biological materials like animal excreta and
  plant waste .They contain large quantities of
  organic matter and nutrients.
• Importance of using manure
• They help in enriching soil fertility.
• Helps improving the soil texture by increasing
  water holding capacity in sandy soils and
  improving drainage ( by avoiding water logging)
  in clayey soil.

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• FERTILIZERS
• These are commercially produced sources of
  nutrients which supply Nitrogen, Phosphorous and
  Potassium (NPK) .
• Fertilizers are an important factor in higher
  yields in high cost farming.
• Since they are chemical in nature and are loaded
  with nutrients these must be used carefully in
  terms of quantity, dosage and time of
  application.
• Excessive use of fertilizers has led to
  contamination of water bodies.
• Continuous use of fertilizers also destroys soil
  fertility

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ORGANIC FARMING

• It is a system of farming with minimal or no use
  of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides,
  pesticides etc. and with maximum input of organic
  manure recycled farm waste use of bioagents such
  as Blue green algae as Biofertilizer, neem leaves
  to kill pests and healthy cropping systems. These
  are beneficial in insect, pest and weed control
  apart from increasing productivity in an
  environment friendly manner.

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IRRIGATION

• Wells
• Canals
• River lift system
• Tanks
• rainwater harvesting
• Watershed management

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CROPPING PATTERNS

• Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops
  together on the same piece of land.
• Intercropping is growing two or more crops
  simultaneously on the same field in a definite
  pattern.
• Crop rotation is growing of different crops on a
  piece of land one after another in a preplanned
  manner.

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CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT

• Weeds are unwanted plants in a crop field which
  reduce yields by competing with the crops for
  resources like water nutrients and sunlight.
• insect pests damage the crops in three ways
• cut root, stem and leaves
• suck sap from plants
• eat the developing fruits

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• Bacteria, fungi and viruses cause various plant
  diseases affecting their productivity adversely

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Preventive methods

• use of various chemicals as insecticides,
  fungicides and weedicides.
• use of resistant varieties
• summer ploughing which involves ploughing of
  fields deep in summers to destroy weeds and
  pests.

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STORAGE OF GRAINS

• Factors causing lass of grains
• Biotic (insects, rodents, fungi mites and
  bacteria)
• Abiotic (inappropriate moisture and temperature
  in the place of storage)

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ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
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• It is the procedure of scientifically managing
  the animal livestock. This involves feeding,
  breeding and disease control. Animal based
  farming includes rearing of cattle, goat, sheep,
  poultry and fish farming. With ever-increasing
  population and improvement in living standards,
  the demand for milk, eggs and meat is also
  increasing. Therefore good management of
  livestock has become the need of the hour.

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CATTLE FARMING

• main objectives of cattle husbandry
• increasing milk production
• raising animals with better draught ability which
  are used in agriculture fields for tilling,
  irrigation and carting.

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• Two main species of cattle in India
• Bos indicus (cows)
• Bos bubalis (buffalos).
• Milk producing cows are called Milch or Dairy
  animals while animals raised for farm labor are
  called draught animals.

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• Lactation period of the animal the period of
  milk production after the birth of a calf.
• Methods of increasing the milk production is to
  increase the lactation period.
• Foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss) show long
  lactation periods while the local breeds (Red
  Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent disease
  resistance. These two are crossed to get animals
  with both the desired qualities.

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Food requirements of dairy animals

• Maintenance requirement is the food required to
  support the animal to live a healthy life.
• Milk producing requirementis the food needed
  during lactation period.

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• Animal food includes
• roughage (which is largely fiber)
• concentrates (low in fiber and rich in proteins
  and other nutrients) .

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Disease affecting cattle

• A number of both internal (worms affecting
  stomach and intestine, fluke affecting liver) and
  external parasites (mainly affecting
  skin and causing skin diseases) damage cattle
  health.
• They may also get infected with pathogenic
  bacteria and viruses which quickly spread to all
  the animals in a farm.
• To prevent this vaccination is given to farm
  animals against major viral and bacterial
  diseases.

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POLUTRY FARMING

• This is undertaken with the objective of raising
  domestic fowl for egg production and chicken
  meat.
• Two main varieties are raised in farms
• layers for eggs
• broilers for meat

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Cross breeding programs

• The cross breeding programs between Indian
  (example-Aseel) and foreign(example leghorn)
  have focused on getting new varieties with the
  following features
• Number and quality of chicks
• Dwarf broiler for commercial chick production
• Summer adaptation---adaptation to high
  temperatures
• Low maintenance requirements
• Reduction in the size of the egg laying bird with
  ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets
  made from agricultural by-products.

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FISH PRODUCTION

• Fish production includes the finned true fish as
  well as shell fish like prawns and molluscs.
• Fish is either obtained by natural resources
  (called capture fishing) or from fish
  farming(called culture fishing).
• Fish can be freshwater (living in rivers and
  ponds) or marine (living in sea). Fishing thus
  can be done both by capture and culture of fish
  in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

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MARINE FISHERIES

• Pomphret, Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines and Bombay
  duck are some of the common marine fish.
• Some such examples are Mullets, Bhetki and pearl
  spots and shellfish such as prawns, mussels,
  oysters and seaweeds.
• Oysters are also farmed for the pearls they make.
  
• As the fish resources are getting constantly
  depleted the increasing fish demand can only be
  met by such culture fisheries earlier called
  mariculture.

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INLAND FISHERIES

• This refers to fish farming in fresh and brackish
  water reservoirs (where seawater freshwater mix
  together, such as estuaries and lagoons).

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Fish culture

• Many a times fish culture is combined with rice
  farming and fish are grown in the water of paddy
  fields.
• More intensive fish farming is done in composite
  fish culture systems

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Composite fish culture systems

• A combination of 4-5 fish is used in a single
  fishpond such that they do not have the same
  feeding habits and hence do not compete with each
  other . This way all the food in the fishpond is
  also utilized.
• Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the
  middle layers of the pond and grass carps are
  bottom feeders.

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BEE KEEPING

• Honey is widely used for its nutritional and
  medicinal properties and that is why bee keeping
  or Apiculture has become an agricultural
  enterprise.
• In Addition to honey the beehives are a source of
  bee wax which also is used in a number of
  medicinal preparations.
• Commercial bee farms are called Apiaries.

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Commonly grown varieties

• Some of the commonly grown varieties are
• Apis indica (Indian bee)
• Apis cerana (rock bee)
• Apis florae (the little bee.)

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Italian variety

• An Italian variety Apis mellifera has been
  introduced to increase honey production on a
  commercial scale.
• These have
• higher honey production capacity,
• sting less, stay in beehives for long
• breed very well.