Non-Invasive BCI

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Non-Invasive BCI
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1929

• Hans Berger Discovered the EEG
• Electroencephalograph
• Signal Reflecting the electrical field produced
  by trillions of individual synaptic connections
  in the cortex and subcortical structures of the
  brain

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EEG
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EEG
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EEG

• Niels Birbaumer
• Trained severely paralyzed people to
  self-regulate the slow cortical potentials in
  their EEG in such a way that these signals could
  be used as a binary signal to control a computer
  cursor (1990s)
• Tests included writing characters with the cursor
  
• System users require training just as any person
  is trained to use a keyboard or a computer

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Those who depend
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ALS

• Amyotrophic Lateral sclerosis
• Muscle weakness and atrophy throughout the body
  caused by the degeneration of upper and lower
  motor neurons.
• Individuals may ultimately lose ability to
  initiate and control all voluntary movement
• For the most part, cognitive function is
  preserved
• Sensory nerves and the autonomic nervous system
  are generally unaffected

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ALS

• BCI systems have the ability to allow a
  paralyzed, locked-in patient to communicate
  words, letters and simple commands to a computer
  interface that recognizes different outputs of
  EEG signals and translates them through use of
  assigned algorithms into a specific function or
  computing output that the user has the ability to
  control.
• A complex mechanical BCI system would allow a
  user to control an external system possibly an
  artificial limb by creating an output of specific
  EEG frequency

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P300 Speller

• User observes 6x6 matrix where each cell contains
  a character or symbol
• User receives stimuli that coordinate with a
  specific output
• User learns to recognize certain stimuli that
  exist in relation to a specific output
• System created successful feedback when tested
  among the ALS population

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EEG Rhythms

• For analyzing EEG signals, studies suggest that
  frequencies of 8-12 Hz (mu) and 13-28 Hz (Beta)
  are most sensible for human control
• The form or magnitude of a voltage change evoked
  by a stereotyped stimulus is known as an evoked
  potential and can serve as a command
• ie. The amplitude of the EEG in a particular
  frequency band, can be used to control movement
  of a cursor on a computer screen

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Non-Invasive BCI

• Forefront of human experimentation
• Cost effective
• No implantation
• Susceptible to noise
• Cranial barrier dampens signal

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What about right now

• Today, BCIs are already being incorporated into
  modern technologically dependent society
• As they were once thought to be strictly
• a bridge between a neurologically
• disconnected brain to an outside mechanism
• of replacing neuromuscular function,
• the commercial exploitations have already
• begun as devices can now be purchased that
• allow users to control an exterior system
• and navigate and control a graphical
• Interface using only EEG output signals

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NeuroSky

• Developers at NeuroSky created the Brainwave, a
  comprehensive non-invasive BCI that connects the
  user to iOS and Android platforms, and transfers
  all signal information through Bluetooth as
  opposed to radio.
• The EEG outputs for this setup are controlled
  primarily by variations in brain-state. In order
  to achieve a specific level of EEG the user may
  be prompted to relax or improve focus, thus
  altering the specific output of brain energy and
  ultimately changing the level of expressed EEG
  signals

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Emotiv

• Devolped a BCI called the EPOC
• 16 sensors capture EEGs to the extent of which
  the system can return feedback to let the user
  know whether or not they blinked, or sneezed, or
  smiled
• The device allows a user to connect to a
  computer, and perform all basic functions that
  they otherwise would control using a keyboard,
  but with the mind. That includes control of
  gaming platforms as well

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Future

• For the future, BCI technology seems very
  applicable in a wide variety of areas whether it
  be medically or commercially
• The possibilities of how far the systems can go
  is virtually limitless
• Control of subvocalization and more advanced EEG
  processing could lead to telepathic communication
  and active learning mechanisms
• This all would bring up an unfeasible amount of
  ethical discomfort and confrontation

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