ODONTOLOGY

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ODONTOLOGY

• Forensic Dentistry

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Definition of Odontology

• The application of the arts sciences of
  dentistry to the legal system.
• Identification of individuals
• Bite mark analysis
• Analysis of personal injury to head/neck
• Dental malpractice

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Dentition Descriptions

• Primary Dentition
• Baby teeth 20 total
• Develop in utero around 16 weeks
• Eruptions begins around 6 months
• Secondary Dentition
• Permanent Teeth
• 32 teeth total

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Teeth Type

• Incisors
• 8 total used to cut food
• Cuspids
• 4 total used to tear food.
• Eye teeth or Canines
• Bicuspids
• 8 total used to crush food.
• Pre-molars primary larger than secondary.
• Molars
• 12 total used to grind food.
• No primary molars.

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DNA
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Primary Dentition Labeling

• From the midline to the posterior the teeth are
• Central Incisor
• Lateral Incisor
• Cuspid
• Bicuspid (premolar 1)
• Biscuspid (premolar 2)

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Primary Dentition Labeling

• Looking at the child, starting at the top right
  working clockwise, the teeth are labeled A - T.

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Secondary Dentition Labeling

• From the midline to the posterior the teeth are
• Central Incisor
• Lateral Incisor
• Cuspid
• Bicuspid (premolar 1)
• Bicuspid (premolar 2)
• Molar (6 year old)
• Molar (12 year old)
• Molar (wisdom tooth)

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Secondary Dentition Labeling

• Looking at the adult, starting at the top right
  and working clockwise, the teeth are labeled
  1-32.

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Secondary Dentition 1. 3rd Molar (wisdom
tooth)2. 2nd Molar (12-yr molar)3. 1st Molar
(6-yr molar)4. 2nd Bicuspid 5. 1st Bicuspid 6.
Cuspid (canine/eye tooth)7. Lateral incisor8.
Central incisor9. Central incisor10. Lateral
incisor11. Cuspid (canine/eye tooth)12. 1st
Bicuspid 13. 2nd Bicuspid 14. 1st Molar (6-yr
molar)15. 2nd Molar (12-yr molar)16. 3rd Molar
(wisdom tooth)17. 3rd Molar (wisdom tooth)18.
2nd Molar (12-yr molar)19. 1st Molar (6-yr
molar)20. 2nd Bicuspid 21. 1st Bicuspid22.
Cuspid (canine/eye tooth)23. Lateral incisor24.
Central incisor25. Central incisor26. Lateral
incisor27. Cuspid (canine/eye tooth)28. 1st
Bicuspid 29. 2nd Bicuspid 30. 1st Molar (6-yr
molar)31. 2nd Molar (12-yr molar)32. 3rd Molar
(wisdom tooth) Source American Dental
Association "Current Dental Terminology Third
Edition (CDT-3)" (c) 1999.
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Primary Eruption Guidelines
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(No Transcript)
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Secondary Eruption Guidelines
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Mixed Dentition - Skulls
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2 year old
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5 year old
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X-rays of Mixed Dentition
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Newborn Boy
6 month old Girl
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9 month old Girl
1 year old Girl
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2 year old Girl
3 year old Girl
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4 year old Boy
5 year old Boy
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6 year old Boy
7 year old Boy
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9 year old Boy
10 year old Boy
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Postmortem Examination

• FOR IDENTIFICATION
• If the body can be viewed at a funeral, the
  forensic dentist examines in the mouth.
• Rigor mortis must be broken.
• Myotomy (cutting of facial muscles)
• Jaws are removed if the body is not fit for
  viewing.
• 30 H2O2 for 24 hours to remove any remaining
  soft tissue.

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Postmortem Examination

• State presence or absence of each tooth
• If missing, socket or healed?
• (Socket implies tooth was recently lost).
• If present, erupted or unerupted?
• Filled? What materials?
• Gum disease? General anatomy?
• X-rays to compare to antemortem records.

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Antemortem Examination

• Found at dental offices, military, prisons
  hospitals.
• Need preliminary identification to search for
  antemortem records.
• Drivers license, photo ID, etc

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Website for practice!

• www.forensicdentistryonline.org
• http//www.forensicdentistryonline.org/Fire_Folder
  /case1.htm

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Mass Disasters

• Team 1
• removal of jaws/teeth from the scene.
• Team 2
• postmortem exams at the morgue.
• Shift lt3 hours, max every other day.
• Team 3
• Antemortem exams record collection.
• Team 4
• Data posting into exams both post antemortem.
• Chief Forensic Dentist
• Makes the actual identification.

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Profiling

• Using the characteristics of the teeth to reduce
  the population from which one searches for the
  unidentified decedent.

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Profiling 1

• Dental erosion on the inside (tongue side) of the
  teeth.
• Caused by excessive vomiting
• Bulimia
• Alcoholism
• Gastric problems

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Profiling 2

• Severe staining
• Top bottom teeth
• Caused by antibiotic tetracycline.
• Taken while teeth were developing.

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Profiling 3

• Abnormal tooth wear from pipe smoking.

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Profiling 4

• Occupational Hazard..?
• Electrician
• Uses teeth to strip plastic coating from wires.

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Profiling 5

• Country of residence
• Performed in Russia.
• Evidence of dentistry in the former Soviet Union.

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Profiling 6

• Personal Habits
• Smoker
• Poor personal oral hygiene habits.

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Bitemark Analysis

• Used to identify victims assailants.
• Most common in cases of rape, murder, child
  abuse, spousal abuse.
• Attacker bites on hands, shoulders
• Victim bites on breasts buttocks.
• More useful on dead victims because of the lack
  of inflammatory response.

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Bitemark Patterns

• Two (2) horseshoe patterns
• Shape depends upon surface bitten, biting force,
  victim resistance.
• Muscle distinct pattern
• Fat less distinct pattern
• Defensive bite less distinct, more bruising,
  tearing.
• Offensive bite distinct bite

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 1) Very mild bruising, no individual tooth marks
  present
• Diffuse arches visible may be caused by
  something other than teeth
• Low forensic significance

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 2) Obvious bruising with individual, discrete
  areas associated with teeth.
• Skin remains intact.
• Moderate forensic significance

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 3. Very obvious bruising with small lacerations.
• Likely to be assessed as definite bitemark.
• High forensic significance

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 4) Numerous areas of laceration, with some
  bruising, some areas of the wound may be incised.
  
• Unlikely to be confused with any other injury
  mechanism.
• High forensic significance.

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 5) Partial avulsion of tissue, some lacerations
  present indicating teeth as the probable cause of
  the injury.
• Moderate forensic significance.

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Bitemark Severity Significance Scale

• 6) Complete avulsion of tissue, possibly some
  scalloping of the injury margins suggested that
  teeth may have been responsible for the injury.
• May not be an obvious bite injury.
• Low forensic significance

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Ted Bundy Conviction - Victim
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Ted Bundy Case