Specimen taken from feverish patient what is diagnosis

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Specimen taken from feverish patient what is
diagnosis
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1.Falcipram gametocyte

• Banana shape P.f gametocytes
• Vector
• female Anopheles mosquito
• Mode of infection
• injection of sporozoite during Anopheles bite.

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Plasmodium ring stage
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2.Plasmodium ring stage

• Diagnosis
• blood film (thin and thick)
• Vector
• female Anopheles
• Infective stage
• Sporozoite

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3.Trichomonas vaginalis

• Diagnosis
• vaginal, urethral smear, occasionally in urine
  analysis
• Trophozoite is the infective
• stage.
• transmitted sexually.

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4. Eggs of Taenia species

• -T.saginata
• -T. solium
• -Echinoccus granulosus

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5.Taenia saginata (adult tape)

• Diagnosis stool examination for
• - eggs
• - gravid segments.
• Infective stage
• cysticercus bovis-in under cooked meat (beef).
• Adult habitat small intestine

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6.Soft tick

1. Relapsing fever (endemic).
2. Tick paralysis

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7.Hard tick

• Rocky mountain spotted fever
• Q fever
• Babesiosis

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Immature egg
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8.Adult Fasciola hepatica

• Diagnosis egg in
• -stools examination
• -duodenal aspirate.
• Infective stage
• encysted metacercaria
• (on water plants).
• Habitat biliary passage in liver.

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9-FemaleTrichuris trichiura (whip worm)

• Diagnosis
• egg in stools
• Infective stage, mode of infection ingestion
  of embryonated egg in soil.

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Scotch tape preparation Clear adhensive tape slide
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Scotch tape preparation Clear adhensive tape slide

• Used in detection of Enterobius vermicularis
  infection
• Collect eggs from perianal area

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10.Enterobius vermicularis egg

• (Pin worm,Oxyuris worm)
• Diagnosis
• Scotch tape preparation to collect eggs from
  perianal area and microscopical examination.

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11.Schistosoma haematobium egg

• (Urinary schistosomiasis)
• Diagnosis
• - Urine analysis
• - Serology in chronic cases.
• Infective stage cercaria in water penetrate
  skin.
• Pathology periportal fibrosis. ppf

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12. Schistosoma mansoni egg

• in stools specimen
• (intestinal schistosomiasis)
• Other methods of diagnosis
• - rectal swab .
• - rectal snip biopsy.
• - serology to detect antibodies
• in patient serum.

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• 13.Leishmania donovani bodies in
  smear (skin,B.M,spleen) (amastigotes)
• Vector sand fly .
• Infective stage promastigote.
• for diagnosis of leishmaniasis
• Culture smear amastigotes from
• (skin ,BM, spleen) on NNN media grow and multiply
  in promastigote form.

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14. Fleas

• Medical importance
• - Plague (Yerisinia pestis).
• - Murine (endemic )Typhus.
• -Tunga penetrance
• (chiggers disease)
• Jiggers

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15.Echinococcus granulosus adult

• Dog cestode
• Dog take infection after eating hydatid cyst
  (from infected animals).
• Man get hydatid disease by ingestion of egg from
  infected dog.

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16.Pediculus humanus (head and body lice)

• Medical importance
• - Epidemic typhus
• - Trench fever
• - Epidemic relapsing fever
• - Pediculosis

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• Diagnosis
• - nits visible by naked eye, and fluoresce under
  UV light (wood's lamp for screening).

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8-Phthirus pubis

• Smaller than pediculus about 2mm.
• Infest
• pubic hair mainly
• eye lashes.
• Transmitted by direct contact with infected
  person or clothes ,it is irritant.
• No disease transmission

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17. Trichuris trichiura egg

• Diagnosis egg in stools .
• Infective stage embryonated egg.

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18. Musca demostica

• Egglarvae- pupa--- adult.
• House fly developmental stage
• (Life cycle)
• Medical importance
• mechanical transmation of virus, bacterial
  and parasitic diseases.

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19. Hydatid cyst in liver

• diagnosis can confirmed by
• 1 - examination of hydatid fluid after surgical
  removal.
• 2 - serology.
• Infective stage
• ingestion of Echinococcus egg
• (dog cestod).

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20-Taenia (tape worm)

• T.saginata --cysticercus bovis
• in beef.
• T.solium--cysticercus cellulose
• in pig.
• Diagnosis ----eggs or gravid segment in stools.

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21. Ascaris lumbricoid adult

• Diagnosis eggs in stools
• (sometime adult)
• Infection ingestion of
• embryonated egg.
• (soil transmitted disease)
• Habitat small intestine.

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22 .Ascaris lumbricoid

• Diagnosis eggs in stools
• Infective stage embryonated egg.

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23 . N N N media

• used in culture of Leishmania bodies
  (amastigote)
• to diagnose leishmaniasis (visceral cutaneous).
• Amastigotes in smear or aspirate
• culture promastigotes.

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24. Fasciola hepatica egg

• diagnosis finding egg by
• -stools examination
• -duodenal aspirate
• infective stage
• encysted metacercaria
• Adult habitat
• biliary passage (liver)

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25 . Mosquitoe life cycleEgglarvae- pupa---
adult.

• Medical importance.
• Anopheles
• vector of malaria and filaria.
• Culex vector of filaria and viruses.
• Aedes (viruses) yellow fever, dengue
• and rift valley fever.

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26. Cyclops

• Vector for transmission of Madina worm
• Dracunculus medinesis

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Diarrheal Stool smear what is organisms , how it
can be diagnosed ?
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Giardia lamblia
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• Diagnosis
• -Stool examination daily for three days for cyst
  or trophozoites .
• -duodenal aspirate examination, or by string
  (enterotest)

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Feature of human intestinal nematodes

• Adult live in intestinal tract.
• Female are oviparous, i.e. lay eggs.
• Humans are host of major intestinal nematodes
  of
• medical importance.
• Most species are spread by fecal pollution of
  soil.
• soil transmitted disease

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• larvae (free or in egg) develops to its infective
  stage in soil.
• Infection by
• - swallowing of infective eggs .
• (A.lumbricoides ,T.trichiura,
  E.vermicularis )
• - or penetration of skin by infective larvae
  (Hook worms , S.stercoralis) Larvae of
  A.lumbricoid , S.stercoralis and Hookworms
  (undergo heart to lung migration).

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• filariform larvae is infective stage of
  S.stercoralis and Hookworm by penetration of
  skin.
• Rabditiform larvae is used to describe larvae
  that hatch from egg in intestine (S.stercoralis
  ) or in
• soil in (hook worms) .

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• Laboratory confirmation
• A.lumbricoid, T.trichiura, and Hookworms is by
  finding eggs in feces and with S.stercoralis by
  finding larvae in stool.
• E.vermicularis by scotch tape from skin around
  anus.
• Some time worms of A.lumbricodis and
  E.vermicularis can be recovered in stool.

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• Feature of intestinal and tissue
• protozoa
• Entamoeba histolytica, G.lamblia are motile
  organisms that multiply and encyst in intestinal
  tract. they form cyst which excreted in faces.
  Invasive strains of
• E histolytica multiply in intestinal wall.
• Cryptospordium multiply intracellular in cells.
  It produces oocysts which are excreted in feces.
• T.gondii muliply intracelluler in
  reticuloendothelial cell and cell of brain and
  other organs of body.
• T.vaginalis is motile and multiplies in the
  urogenital tract cyst forms are unknown.

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• Infection is by ingesting
• cysts (E.histolytica, G.lamblia) or
• oocyst (Cryptosporidium,T.gondii)
• in food,water,or from hands contaminated with
  infected feces.
• T.gondii can also be transmitted congenitally
  and by ingesting the parasites in under-cooked
  meat of intermediate hosts.
• T.vaginalis is transmitted sexually (no cyst).
• Humans are important hosts of E. histolytica,
  G.lamblia and T.vaginalis.
• Animal are natural definitive hosts of
  Cryptosporidium and T.gondii .

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• Laboratory confirmation of E.histolytica
  infection is by finding amoebae or cysts in feces
  or by detecting antibodies in serum (invasive
  amoebiasis)
• Giardiasis diagnosed by finding motile
  flagellates or cysts in feces or flagellates in
  duodenal aspirates.
• Infection with Cryptosporidium is diagnosed by
  finding oocyst in feces
• Toxoplasmosis is usually diagnosed
  serologically.
• T. vaginalis infection is usually confirmed by
  detecting flagellates in vaginal or uretheral
  discharge or urine

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mcq
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• Pyrexia is not caused by
• Fascioliasis
• Toxoplamosis
• Oxyuriasis
• Kala-azar

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• The following parasites cause fever except
• Trichinella spiralis
• Naegleria fowleri
• Hymenolepis nana
• Plasmodium vivax.

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• Infection with Giardia lamblia is through
• Ingestion of trophozoite stage
• Ingestion of cyst stage
• Ingestion of oocyste
• Ingestion of eggs

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• Parasite causing duodenites is
• Giardia lamblia
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Toxoplasma
• Acanthamoeba

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• There is lymphadenopathy in following infection
  EXCEPT
• African trypanosomiasis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Schitosomiasis
• Kala-azar

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• Splenomegaly not caused by
• Schistosomaiasis
• Malaria
• Ascariasis
• Kala-azar

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• The following diseases occur as zoonoses
• Fasciolasis
• hydatid disease
• Toxoplasmosis
• African trypanosomiasis
• Cryptospordium
• Plasmodium vivax
• Leishmania major

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• For treatment of clinical attack of malaria we
  can use
• 4-aminoquinolines (chloroquine)
• Pentavalent antimonials
• 8-aminoquinoline (primaquine)
• All of above

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• For treatment of clinical relapse of P.vivax we
  can use
• 4-aminoquinolines
• Pentavalent antimonials
• 8-aminoquinoline
• All of above

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• Duodenal aspirate is a good specimen for
  diagnosis of
• Taeniasis
• Giardiasis
• Amoebic dysentery
• Cysticercosis
• hydatidosis

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Diagnosis by duodenal aspirate

• Strongyloides stercoralis
• Fasciolasis
• Cryptospordium pavarum.
• Giardia lamblia
• ( enterotest)

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• Regarding Hymenolepis nana
• Diagnosed by finding eggs in stools
• Dwarf tapeworm
• Autoinfection can occur.
• Cattle act as intermediate host

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• The following parasite is not transmitted by
  direct contact with infected person autoinfection
  
• Enterobius vermicularis.
• Trichella spiralis.
• Hymenolepis nana.
• Giardia lamblia.
• Entamoeba histolytica.
• Scabies (sarcoptes scabiei).

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• Splenomegaly is characteristic feature of one
  of following parasitic diseases
• Taeniasis
• malaria
• Scabies
• Myiasis
• Oriental sore.

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• Laboratory diagnosis of scabies is best done by
• Serology
• Blood examination
• Skin scraping
• Rectal biopsy
• Faecal examination.

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• Skin myiasis is due to invesion of skin by
• Sarcoptes scabiei
• Trematodes cercaria
• Lice
• Fly larvae

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• The following correct regarding scabies
• Transmitted by direct contact with infected
  person.
• Caused by mites
• Affects skin
• Diagnosed by stools examination

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• the following parasitic infection are water
  borne diseases except
• taenia saginata
• madina worm
• Primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis (Naegleria
  fowleri)
• 4. Schistosoma
• 5. Cryptospordium.

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• Acanthamoeba species cause
• Chronic primary meningoencephalitis.
• Keratitis with blindness. contact lense
• Granuloma of internal organs and skin.
• All of above.
• Non of above.

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• Following diseases transmitted by an arthropod
  vector
• malaria
• Schistosomiasis
• cystocercosis
• Hydatid cyst.

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