Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid

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Plug-in Vehicles and the Electric Grid

• Mark Kapner, PE
• Senior Strategy Engineer

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Questions

1. How Many PHEVs Can the Power System Accommodate
   without Additional Generating Capacity ?
2. How does the Replacement of Conventional IC
   Engine Vehicles by PHEVs Affect Greenhouse Gas
   Emissions ?
3. How will Large-scale Deployment of PHEVs Effect
   the Grid ?

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Methodology to Answer Question 1

• Estimate existing idle generation capacity in a
  NERC
• region using a valley filling methodology
• System load profile data from NERC and EIA
• Simplified hourly load profiles to two 24 hour
  dispatches,
• a typical summer and typical winter day
• Simulate the economic dispatch of generators
• Generation available to charge PHEVs available
  capacity
• minus generation dispatched to meet load.
• Assumed that peaking plants are not used to
  charge PHEVs

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Austin Energy Generation
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Summer Day Typical Load Profile
Peakers
Other Gas-fired
Comb Cycle
Coal
Nuclear
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Typical Winter Day
Comb Cycle
Coal
Nuclear
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NERC Map
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Specific Energy and Energy Storage Requirements
by Vehicle Class
Vehicle Class Specific Energy in kWh per mile Battery Capacity
Compact 0.26 8.6
Mid-Size Sedan 0.30 9.9
Mid-size SUV 0.38 12.5
Full-size SUV 0.46 15.2
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Conclusion (assuming
max 2 kW charging rate)
NERC Region Technical Potential in Million PHEVs
ECAR 28.6
ERCOT 15.5
MACC 10.4
MAIN 13.1
MAPP 6.1
NPCC 15.6
FRCC 6.5
SERC 32.5
SPP 15.1
NWP 2.8
AZ RMP 5.8
CNV 6.0
Total USA 158 million PHEVs
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GreenHouse Gas Emissions
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Nitrogen Oxides EmissionsGrams per km
Gasoline - avg
Gasoline 2007 model
EV - coal
EV- nat gas
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31000
24703
4860
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Findings

• Valley Filling can charge approximately 75 of
  all light duty vehicles in the US, if they were
  PHEVs
• Potential Gasoline Displacement by PHEVs 6.5
  Million Bbls per Day (71 of total gasoline
  consumption)
• Assuming utilities have some control over when
  charging occurs, PHEVs could increase minimum
  system load, thus increase the utilization of
  baseload units, and thereby increase utility
  profits (and/or reduce electric rates).

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Findings

• PHEVs charging on todays coal-fired generation
  have about 33 lower GreenHouse Gas emissions per
  mile than conventional vehicles, charging on
  gas-fired combined cycle, have about 78 lower
  GHG emissions.
• Deployment of PHEVs facilitates the introduction
  of more wind energy in regions where wind
  generation is strong at night.
• Distribution engineers have expressed concern
  that distribution transformers may not be
  designed to sustain a constant high loading
  without a daily cool down period.

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Studies

• Pacific NW National Laboratory Impacts
  Assessment of Plug-In Vehicles on Electric
  Utilities and Regional US Power Grids
• EPRI and NRDC Environmental Assessment of
  Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
• NREL An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and
  Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid
  Electric Vehicles

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Plug-in Partners Campaign

• Mark Kapner
• Senior Strategy Engineer
• Austin Energy
• GlobalCon 2008

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The Perfect Storm

• Economics Cheap oil is running out
• Environmental Pressure to curb pollutants
  from transportation
• National Security Pressure to curb
  dependence on oil

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Alternatives to Petroleum

1. Energy Efficiency
2. Alternative Fuels
3. Hydrogen
4. Electricity

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Electricity Advantages

• Cost
• Infrastructure
• Multiple Fuels
• Renewable Energy
• Emissions

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Plug-In Hybrid Power Train
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Modest Electric Range Large Impact
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Nitrogen Oxides - grams per km
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Carbon Dioxide - grams per km
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The Dodge Plug-In Hybrid Sprinter
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University of California at Davis
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GMs Chevy Volt

• Unveiled as a concept car at the January Detroit
  Auto Show, the Chevy Volt would range 40 all
  electric miles, then a three cylinder gasoline
  engine recharges the electric battery.

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GMs Saturn VUE

• GM announced at the November 2006 L.A. Auto Show
  that it will produce a plug-in version of its
  Saturn VUE.

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Ford Airstream

• Unveiled as a concept vehicle at the Detroit Auto
  Show in January, the Ford Airstream uses a small
  hydrogen fuel cell to recharge the battery.

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Volvo C30

• The Volvo C30 will be similar to GMs E-flex
  platform for the Volt and will have a small
  diesel engine to recharge the battery.

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Prius
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Plug-In Austin

• Purpose Demonstrate a market for flexible-fuel
  plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
• Austin Energy rebates
• City of Austin and other local government and
  business fleet orders
• Petitions and endorsements from businesses,
  environmentalists, and others

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Plug-In Partners Campaign

• Purpose Demonstrate a national market for
  flexible-fuel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
• Coalition Local and state governments,
  utilities, businesses and non-profit
  organizations
• Actions Soft fleet orders, endorsements,
  rebates and incentives, petitions and letters
• Kickoff January 24, 2006National Press
  ClubWashington, DC

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Ways to Help as a Partner

• 1. Obtain soft fleet orders from local
  government and businesses.
• 2. Create incentives and rebates
• 3. Support a Petition Drive
• 4. Consider recruiting other entities in your
  region

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A Unique Coalition

• I call this a coalition between the
  tree-huggers, the do-gooders, the sod-busters,
  the cheap hawks, and the evangelicals.
• James Woolsey, former CIA Director at January 24,
  2006 Plug-In Partners Kickoff

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Plug-in Partners Campaign

• www.PlugInPartners.org
• Mark.Kapner_at_Austinenergy.com

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Plug-in Partners
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• Cities
• Arlington, TX
• Austin, TX
• Baltimore, MD
• Boston, MA
• Boulder, CO
• Corpus Christi, TX
• Dallas, TX
• Denton, TX
• Denver, CO
• Edmond, OK
• Fort Worth, TX
• Irvine, CA
• Los Angeles, CA
• Madison, WI
• Memphis
• Philadelphia, PA

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Counties and Local Governments Austin Community
College, TX California State Controller Port of
Chelan County, WA Sarasota County, FL Travis
County, TX Wenatchee Valley Trans.
Council Biofuel Organizations American Corn
Growers Association, DC Soybean Producers of
America, DC
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Non-Profits American Lung Association, TX
Americans for Energy Independence, CA Apollo
Alliance, WA Association of Energy Engineers, TX
Association of Energy Engineers (Local Chapter,
TX), TX Austin/San Antonio Chapter of the
Association of Energy Engineers, TX Citizens for
Rideable Communities, WA Colorado Energy Group,
CO Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), CA
Electric Auto Association, CA Electric Vehicle
Association - San Jose, CA Institute of
Electrical and Energy Engineers, TX Institute of
Electrical and Energy Engineers (IEEE), TX
Northeast Sustainable Energy Association
(NESEA), MA NY State Energy Research
Development Agency (NYSERDA), NY Public
Technology Institute, DC Seattle Electric
Vehicle Association, WA Sun Day Campaign, MD
Travis County Green Party, TX Veridian
Corporation
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National/Local Environmental Groups Alliance to
Save Energy, DC American Council on Renewable
Energy Blue Water Network (a division of Friends
of the Earth), CA California Cars Initiative, CA
Clean Air Coalition, TX Clean Air Council, PA
Clean Air Force of Central Texas, TX Colorado
Energy Group, CO Community Clean Water
Institute, CA Earth Policy Institute, DC
Electric Vehicle Association of Greater DC, DC
Energy Future Coalition, DC Environmental and
Energy Study Institute (EESI), DC Green
Strategies, Inc., DC Institute for Environmental
Research and Education (IERE), WA Plug-in
America Stella Group, Ltd., DC Sustainable
Dallas, TX
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National Security Organizations Set America Free
Coalition Center for American Progress Institute
for the Analysis of Global Security National
Utility Associations American Public Power
Association Edison Electric Institute Public
Power Utilities Austin Energy Memphis Light and
Gas Akron Municipal Utility, OH Alameda Power
Telecom, CA American Municipal Power-Ohio American
Samoa Power Authority (Pago Pago, AS) Anaheim
Public Utilities, CA Arcadia Electric Utility,
WI Arizona Municipal Power Users
Association Austin Utilities, MN
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Public Power Utilities (contd) Barnesville
Municipal Power, MN Beach City Board of Public
Affairs, OH Benton PUD (Kennewick, WA) Bowling
Green Municipal Utilities, KY Braintree Electric
Light Department, MA. Brigham City Corp.,
UT Bristol Virginia Utilities Buffalo Municipal
Service, MN Burbank Water Power, CA Cavalier
Light Power Plant, ND Cedarburg Light Water
Commission, WI Chelan County PUD, WA City of
Batavia, IL City of Bentonville, AR City of
Camilla, GA City of Chanute Utility, KS City of
Columbiana Public Utility, OH City of Edmond
Utility, OK
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Public Power Utilities (contd) City of Gunnison
Public Utility, CO City of Holdrege, NE City of
Lake City Electric Utility, MN City of Lamar
Utility, MO City of Mansfield, GA City of Mesa
Electric Utility, AZ City of Naperville Dept. of
Public Utilities, IL City of Redding Electric
Utility, CA City of Safford, AZ City of St.
Charles Utility, IL City Utilities of
Springfield, MO Clark Public Utility (Vancouver,
WA) Clarksville Dept. of Electricity,
TN Clintonville Water Electric Plant,
WI Columbia Power Water Systems, TN Concord
Municipal Light Plant, MA Cowlitz County PUD
(Longview, WA) CPS Energy (San Antonio,
TX) Cumberland Municipal Utility, WI
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Public Power Utilities (contd) Cuyahoga Falls
Electric Dept., OH Danvers Electric Division,
MA Danville Dept. Utilities, VA Douglas County
PUD (East Wenatchee, WA) Emerald Peoples Utility
District (Eugene, OR) Energy Northwest (Richland,
WA) Erwin Utilities, TN Farmington Electric
Utility System, NM Frankfort Electric Water
Plant Board, KY Freeport Electric, NY Gainesville
Regional Utility, FL Garland Power Light,
TX Hagerstown Municipal Light Dept., IN Heber
Light Power Co., UT Imperial Irrigation
District Independence Light Power, IA Indianola
Municipal Utilities, IA Jackson Utilities
Public Works, MO
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Public Power Utilities Kansas City Board of
Public Utilities, KS Kaukauna Utilities,
WI Kirkwood Electric Department, MO Klickitat
County PUD, Goldendale, WA Lakeland Electric,
FL Lebanon Utilities, IN Lewes Board of Public
Works, DE Lewis County PUD (Chehalis, WA) Lodi
Electric, CA Long Island Power Authority Loup
River Public Power District (Columbus, NE) Lower
Colorado River Authority MA. Municipal Wholesale
Electric Company Maquoketa Municipal Electric
Utility, IA McMinnville Electric System,
TN McMinnville Water Light, OR Meade Municipal
Plant, KS Monmouth Power Light, OR Murray City
Power (Murray, UT)
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Public Power Utilities (contd) Nebraska Public
Power District (Columbus, NE) New York Power
Authority Omaha Public Power Pacific County PUD
No. 2 (Raymond, WA) Paducah Power System,
KY Paris Board of Public Utilities, TN Pasadena
Water Power, CA Pend Oreille County PUD
(Newport, WA) Piedmont Municipal Power Agency
(Greer, SC) Princeton Municipal Utility, NJ Red
Cloud Municipal Electric Dept., NE Rochester
Public Utility, MN Rock Falls Electric Dept.,
IL Rock Hill Utilities, SC Roseville Electric,
CA Sacramento Municipal Utility District Salt
River Project (Phoenix, AZ) Scottsboro Electric
Power Board, AL
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Public Power Utilities (contd) Seattle City
Light, WA Shelby Division of Electricity
Telecommunications, OH Snohomish County PUD
(Everett, WA) Solvay Electric Dept., NY Southern
California Public Power Authority
(Pasadena) Spencerport Electric Dept., NY Stephen
Municipal Utilities, MN Stoughton Utilities,
WI Tell City Electric Dept., IN Town of Haxtun,
CO Truckee-Donner PUD (Truckee, CA) Utilities
Plus/CMMPA (Blue Earth, MN) Vermont Public Power
Supply Authority Village of Paw Paw (Paw Paw,
MI) Village of Rouses Point, NY Wadsworth
Electric and Communications, OH Washington Public
Utility District Association (Olympia) Watertown
Municipal Utilities, SD Waverly Light Power,
IA Willmar Municipal Utilities Comm.,
MN Wisconsin Public Power Inc. (Sun Prairie, WI)