HENRY VIII

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HENRY VIII

• Tereza Vodnanská

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Henry VIII (1491 1547)King of England, King of
Ireland, Prince of Wales

• born as the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth
  of York
• had 6 siblings only 3 survived infancy the
  successor should have been Arthur, not Henry
• he was the second monarch of the House of Tudor
• famous for having been married six times
• King 1509 - 1547

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Youth

• was given a first-rate education from leading
  tutors, becoming fluent in Latin, French, and
  Spanish
• is known to have been an avid gambler and dice
  player
• excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting,
  and real tennis
• was also an accomplished musician, player of many
  instruments, author, and poet

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18 years old Henry VIII
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Catherine of Aragon

• Prince Arhturs widow
• Youngest child of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and
  Queen Isabella I of Castile
• problems with this marriage because of Pope
• wedding on 11 June 1509, and on 24 June 1509, the
  two were crowned, at Westminster Abbey

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Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
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• Catherine couldnt produce the desired male heir
  of the throne
• daughter Mary
• Henry became attracted to a young courtier of
  Queen Anne Boleyn
• Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was ordered to start
  proceedings with Rome and Pope Henry wanted to
  annul the marriage with Catherine
• Henry wasnt successful

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Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer

• young clerics
• they appeared after some time in the court and
  they supported the King
• Cranmer was at first rewarded with a position as
  ambassador to the imperial court, then he became
  the Archbishop of Canterbury
• Cromwell earned a position of chief adviser to
  the king a proposal that Henry should declare
  himself the head of the Church in England
• Cranmer declare the marriage with Catherine
  invalid and Henrys new one with Anne Boleyn
  valid

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Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cromwell
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Anne Boleyn

• crowned as Queen on 1 June 1533
• she gave birth to a daughter Elizabeth, but not
  to a male heir
• she was arrested on charges of using witchcraft,
  having relationships with other men and of incest
  with her brother George Boleyn
• 1536 - with her brother she was beheaded

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• 1533 Henry was excomunicated from the Roman
  Church
• 1534 Act of Supremacy - which declared that the
  King was "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the
  Church of England".
• Parliament passed many other acts e.g. Act of
  Succession (Mary couldnt became the Queen)
• 1535 Laws in Wales Act - which legally annexed
  Wales, uniting England and Wales into one unified
  nation use of English in official proceedings in
  Wales

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Jane Seymour

• Henry became engaged to her one day after Anne's
  execution in 1536 , and 10 days later married her
• she was one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting to
  whom the King had been showing favour for some
  time
• 1537 - she gave Henry a son, Prince Edward
  (future Edward VI), but in the same year Jane
  died
• according to Henry she was the only true wife

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Anne Cleves

• suggested by Cromwell
• painted by Hans Holbein the Younger and the
  portrait sent to the King
• sister of the Protestant Duke of Cleves
• January 1540 wedding
• Henry found her unattractive, the marriage was
  annuled
• called "The King's Sister"

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Catherine Howard

• wedding in July 1540
• from powerful Catholic family
• very young but the King was delighted with her
• T. Cranmer tried to keep evidence of Queen
  Catherine's activities
• Catherine's marriage was annulled shortly before
  her execution
• Catherine was executed on 13 February 1542 - she
  was only about eighteen years old at the time

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Catherine Parr

• a wealthy widow, the last wife
• 1543 wedding
• she argued with Henry about religion (she was
  radical, Henry conservative)
• she helped Henry with his two daughters (1544
  The Act of Parliament put them back in the line
  of succession after Edward)
• she survived thanks to her submissiveness

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All six wives
Jane Seymour - died
Catherine of Aragon - divorced
Anne Boleyn - beheaded
Anne Cleves - divorced
Catherine Parr - survived
Catherine Howard - beheaded
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The English Reformation

• the process by which the Primacy of the Roman
  Pontiff in England was eliminated and replaced
  with Royal Supremacy and the institution of a
  Church of England outside of the Roman Catholic
  Church and under the power of the Supreme
  Governance of the English monarch
• the English Reformation was more of a political
  than a theological dispute
• the breakup between Rome and England started in
  the reign of Henry VIII and is therefore
  sometimes called the Henrician Reformation
• Henry didnt really establish new ideas about
  religion, he just wanted Englands church
  independent
• this gave Englands church its own power and
  influenced other states to establish their own
  churches.

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Culture

• Henry was a Renaissance man - his court was a
  centre of scholarly and artistic innovation
• The discovery of America or "The New World" set
  the stage for Henry's innovative attitude - Henry
  was among the first European rulers to learn
  about the true geography of the world, a
  revolutionary discovery
• This discovery developed an atmosphere of
  exploration and discovery in the arts and
  sciences of which Henry took full advantage in
  his court and daily life
• Henry is traditionally called one of the founders
  of the Royal Navy - his favourite ship was Mary
  Rose
• Henry personally wrote letters mainly to Anne
  Boleyn and Thomas Wolsey, also some books and
  songs
• His character inspired many artists e.g. later
  painters, W. Shakespeare

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Mary Rose
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The end of life

• Later in life, Henry was grossly overweight, with
  a waist measurement of 54 inches (137 cm)
• possibly suffered from gout (dna)
• The well known theory that he suffered from
  syphilis was first promoted approximately 100
  years after his death
• But also he gradually became ulcerated (pokrytý
  vredy)
• He died on 28 January 1547 at the Palace of
  Whitehall (he died on what would have been his
  father's 90th birthday)
• Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in
  Windsor Castle, next to his wife Jane Seymour
• His successor was at first Edward VI, the first
  Protestant monarch in England

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Henrys children
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Family
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Passing the throne to Edward VI
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