What Does Science Say About Creation?

1
What Does Science Say About Creation?

• Dr. Heinz Lycklama
• Heinz_at_osta.com
• www.osta.com

2
What Does Science Have To Say?
Harrison Matthews, in the Foreword to the 1971
edition of Origin of Species by Natural
Selection, by Charles Darwin states that Belief
in evolution is thus exactly parallel to belief
in special creation - both are concepts which
believers know to be true but neither, up to the
present, has been capable of proof.
An Objective statement of fact!
3
Is This Science?
Since Darwin, every knowing person agrees that
man is descended from the apes. ... Today, of
course, there is no such thing as the theory of
evolution it is the fact of evolution. The only
arguments now are over technical problems, but
the basic fact of evolution is so clearly
established that no scientist worries about it
any more. - so states Ernst Mayr, professor of
Biology at Harvard.
A Subjective statement!
4
Scientific Methodology

• Make observations
• Develop a hypothesis or theory that explains the
  observations
• Conduct experiments to test accuracy and
  predictions made by the theory
• Draw conclusions
• Repeat experiments to verify results and
  eliminate sources of inaccuracy

5
Theory Criteria

• To apply scientific methodology, the theory must
  meet these criteria
• Must be falsifiable or verifiable
• Must make quantifiable predictions
• Experimental results must be repeatable
• Must be as simplistic as possible with no
  unnecessary components (Occams Razor)
• Adherence to the methodology allows for
  self-correction and increases confidence in the
  assumptions made by scientific philosophy

6
Models of Origins

• We can neither observe nor repeat origins
• Origins theories cannot be tested or proven
• We have two models (not theories) of origins
• Creation and evolution
• Models can be compared as to their respective
  capacities for correlating observable data
• Evolutionists regard evolution as a proven
  fact.
• They believe that evolutionism is science and
  that creationism is religion
• Evolutionists are unable to prove evolution
• Thousands of scientists believe in creation

7
Evolution Model

• Cannot be proved
• It operates too slowly to be measurable (if it is
  taking place)
• The scientific method cannot be used to measure
  it
• Small variations in organisms, observed today,
  are not relevant (cant be used to distinguish
  between creation and evolution)

Dr. Heribert-Nilsson, Director of the Botanical
Institute at Lund University, Sweden, said My
attempt to demonstrate evolution by an experiment
carried on for more than 40 years has completely
failed. The idea of an evolution rests on pure
belief. (Synthetische Artbildung, 1953).
8
Evolution Model - 2

• Explains origin, development and meaning of all
  things in terms of natural laws and processes
  which operate today as they have in the past
• No extraneous processes requiring an external
  agent (i.e. a Creator) are permitted
• The universe in all respects evolves itself into
  higher levels of order (particles to people),
  elements -gt complex chemicals -gt simple living
  systems -gt complex life -gt man

9
Creation Model

• Cannot be proved
• Creation is not happening now, so far as can be
  observed
• The scientific method cannot repeat creation
• Cannot ascertain whether creation took place
  (except through divine revelation)

10
Creation Model - 2

• Involves a process of special creation in the
  beginning
• All the basic laws and categories of nature
  brought into existence by special creative
  processes which are no longer in operation today
• Distinct kinds exist today as they have existed
  in the past
• Processes of creation replaced by processes of
  conservation

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Which Model Best Fits The Facts?

• Creation and Evolution are the only two modelsof
  origins
• Both models should be considered as equal
  alternatives and evaluated objectively in terms
  of their relative abilities to correlate and
  explain scientific data
• The model that incorporates the most data and has
  the smallest number of unresolved issues is the
  most likely to be true

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Basic Predictions of The Models
Category Basic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model
Galactic universe Galaxies changing Galaxies constant
Structure of stars Stars changing into other types Stars unchanged
Other heavenly bodies Building up Breaking down
Types of rock formations Different in different ages Similar in all ages"
Appearance of life Life evolving from non-life Life only from life
Array of organisms Continuum of organisms Distinct kinds of organisms
Appearance of kinds of life New kinds appearing No new kinds appearing
13
Basic Predictions of The Models - 2
Category Basic Predictions of Evolution Model Basic Predictions of Creation Model
Mutations in organisms Beneficial Harmful
Natural selection Creative process Conservative process
Fossil record Innumerable transitions Systematic gaps
Appearance of man Ape-human intermediates No ape-human intermediates
Nature of man Quantitatively superior to animals Qualitatively distinct from animals
Origin of civilization Slow and gradual Contemporaneous with man
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Looking At The Scientific Evidence

• Origin of matter, energy and natural law
• Origin of the solar system
• Teleology study of evidences of design in
  nature, e.g. Anthropic Principle
• Classification of biological organisms
• Natural selection and mutations (vestigal organs)

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The Scientific Evidence - 2

• Origin of man
• Origin of life probability
• The fossil record
• Geologic ages Uniformitarianism vs.
  Catastrophism
• Age of the earth

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Origin of Matter, Energy Natural Law

• Evolution model predicts
• Matter, energy and laws are still evolving
• Must have evolved in the past since there is no
  external agent to bring evolution to a stop
• Systems can evolve to higher levels of complexity
• Creation model predicts
• Basic laws would not now be changing
• Fundamental nature of matter and energy would not
  now be changing
• Finished in the past, conserved in the present
• Matter should go from order to disorder

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The Natural Laws

• The first two laws of thermodynamics are
  constant
• The total energy of any system remains the same
• The entropy of a system increases over time
• Other constant laws include
• Law of gravity
• Conservation of momentum
• Conservation of electric charge
• Did natural laws evolve?
• There is no evidence of this

18
First Cause Divine or Matter?

• The First Cause of Limitless Space must be
  infinite
• The First Cause of Endless Time must be eternal
• The First Cause of Boundless Energy must be
  omnipotent
• The First Cause of Universal Interrelationships
  must be omnipresent
• The First Cause of Infinite Complexity must be
  omniscient
• The First Cause of Moral Values must be moral
• The First Cause of Spiritual Values must be
  spiritual
• The First Cause of Human Responsibility must be
  volitional
• The First Cause of Human Integrity must be
  truthful
• The First Cause of Human Love must be loving
• The First Cause of Life must be living

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Conceptual Systems of Science

• Cause and Effect - an omnipotent Creator is an
  adequate cause for all observable effects in the
  universe
• Energy Conservation energy can be converted
  from one form into another, but can neither be
  created nor destroyed
• Classification and Order - table of chemical
  elements, biological taxonomy, hierarchy of star
  types. All entities are in a state of flux in
  the evolution model
• Processes - all processes are well-defined and
  orderly. If not, there is no point to scientific
  study. Creation predicts purpose and meaning

These systems all favor the creation model!
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Conceptual Systems of Science - 2

• Forces and Fields - types of forces in nature
  (electromagnetic, gravitational, nuclear and
  weak) have always acted the same from the
  beginning. These forces did not evolve
• Environmental Interdependence the environment
  coupled with natural selection constitutes a
  powerful mechanism to conserve the created kinds
  and balance of nature
• Energy Decay changes always tend to go in a
  downward direction such that there results a
  net decrease in the availability of the
  converted energy for further useful work

These systems all favor the creation model!
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More on 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

• 2nd Law - The entropy of a system increases with
  time
• Entropy is defined as a measure of the quantity
  of energy not capable of conversion into work
• 2nd Law holds in the fields of classical
  thermodynamics (unavailability of energy for
  further work), statistical thermodynamics
  (decreased order of the systems structure), as
  well as in informational thermodynamics
  (lost/distorted information)
• Creation predicts and is supported by the First
  and Second Laws of Thermodynamics

Lets see what Dr. Gish ICR has to say
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Conditions For Increasing Complexity in an Open
System

• Necessary, but not sufficient conditions
• 1. Open System
• 2. Available Energy
• Additional requirements
• 3. Mechanism for storing and converting incoming
  energy
• 4. Program (to direct the growth of complexity)

23
Keeping Score
Creation Evolution
Laws of Thermodynamics
TOTAL 1 0
24
Origin of The Solar System

• Predictions of evolution model
• Solar system is one of many
• Earth, moon and planets should have same
  composition and structure
• Predictions of creation model
• Solar system is unique
• Earth, moon and planets each created for a
  specific purpose, each with a distinctive
  composition and structure
• Only the earth would be found to have a
  hydrosphere capable of supporting life
• Only the earth would be found to have an
  atmosphere capable of supporting life
• Evidence of decay and catastrophism would be
  found on other planets and moons

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Big Bang Theory

• All energy and matter was crammed into a cosmic
  egg (or primeval atom)
• Where did it come from?
• How did it get there?
• Suddenly exploded/expanded at great speed
• Nothing -gt todays universe?
• First there was nothing then there was a Big
  Bang!
• Two elements were created
• Hydrogen (75)
• Helium (25)

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Big Bang Theory - 2

• These simple gases expanded
• Perfect vacuum at very low temperature
• Everything in the universe evolved from these
  simple gases
• Stars, galaxies, solar system
• All living things, including man with
• 30 trillion cells of about 200 different kinds
• Brain with 12 billion brain cells and 120
  trillion connections
• Chaos Disorder -gt Complex Universe

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The Solar System Was Created

• Based on statistical analysis and the evolution
  model
• One might expect to find many solar systems with
  planets and similar characteristics to our solar
  system
• The evolution model also assumes that the moon
  broke away from the earth
• What we find
• Our solar system is unique
• Earth and moon have vastly different structure
  and composition and could not have come from the
  same celestial ancestor
• The chemical makeup of the moon rocks is very
  different from that of rocks on the earth
• The predictions of the creation model are exactly
  confirmed by moon landings and space probes

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Keeping Score
Creation Evolution
Laws of Thermodynamics
Origin of Solar System
TOTAL 2 0
30
Teleology

• Teleology is the study of evidences of design in
  nature
• The word is derived from the Greek word for end
  or purpose.
• Evolution predicts
• Mechanistic self-ordering process in nature
• Mutations provide random changes
• Natural selection concentrates the beneficial
  features
• Creation predicts
• Evidence of design in nature
• Carefully balanced equations, constants and
  properties of matter

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The Anthropic Principle

• The Anthropic Principle states that the universe
  appears to be carefully designed for the
  well-being of mankind
• Some evidence of this found in nature
• Mass of proton
• Gravitation force
• Strength of electrical charges
• Distance of moon from the earth
• Distance of sun from the earth
• etc.

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Mass of Proton

• Mass of proton is chosen for stability
• Mass of free neutron is slightly heavier than
  that of a proton, and it decays to a proton,
  electron, and an antineutrino with a half life of
  12 minutes. Free neutrons cannot persist in
  nature.
• If the mass of a proton were increased by just
  0.2 , it would decay into a neutron, a positron
  and a neutrino. This decay does not occur - if
  it did hydrogen could not exist. Hydrogen is the
  dominant element of the universe. Without it,
  the universe could not exist

Evidence of a precise design!
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Gravitation Force

• Gravitation force is inversely proportional to
  the square of the separation distance between the
  two masses. This fundamental force holds the
  universe together, controlling the orbits of all
  members of our planetary system.
• Why is the number not 1.99 or 2.01? Any value
  other than 2 would lead to an eventual
  catastrophic decay of orbits and of the entire
  universe

Evidence of an essential design!
34
Strength of Electrical Charges

• The strength of electrical charges, i.e. the
  Coulomb force varies as the inverse square of the
  distance between the charges. Since the
  electrical force is much stronger than the
  gravitational force, it has been measured to an
  accuracy of 16 decimal places to be
  2.0000000000000000

This reflects Gods purposeful planning!
More on the Just Right Universe by Dr. Ray
Bohlin of Probe Ministries in next 14 slides
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A Just Right Universe

• 29 Fine-tuned Parameters to the Universe
• Constants in equations for gravity,
  electromagnetism, strong and weak nuclear forces
• Ratio of proton to electron mass

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A Just Right Universe

• 51 Fine-tuned Parameters to our Galaxy, Solar
  System, and Planet
• Distance from the sun
• Size, temperature, type of sun
• Size, axial tilt, rotation speed, moon,
  composition of earth
• Stability of Jupiter and Saturn

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A Just Right Universe

• 1053 - Probability of all 80 fine-tuned
  parameters occurring by chance

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A Just Right Universe

• 10 22 -Upper limit for number of stars in the
  universe
• Assume 1 planet per star
• Therefore 1022 planets in the universe

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A Just Right Universe

• So how do we determine how many planets may be
  suitable for life?
• 10 -53 x 10 22 10 -31 or
• 0.0000000000000000000000000000001 planets
  suitable for life

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A Just Right Universe

• Jupiter acts as a comet and asteroid magnet
  shielding earth from catastrophic collisions
• Our sun is located between spiral arms of the
  Milky Way Galaxy where there are fewer stars
  (less harmful radiation and disruptive gravity)
  and less gas and dust (we can see the rest of the
  galaxy and universe)

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A Just Right Universe

• Since 1996, over 50 planets outside our solar
  system have been found
• Only 5 of stars have planets
• The planets are either too large, too close to
  their star, or with too erratic an orbit to
  harbor life
• Have the probabilities changed?

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A Just Right Universe

• There are now 123 parameters with a probability
  of 1 in 10161. When multiplied with a very
  generous estimate of 1 planet/star or 1022
  planets, the final number of planets in the
  universe suitable for life is 10-139 or
• 0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
  00000000000000000000000000000000000000001 planets

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A Just Right Universe

• CNN (2/5/01) just released an article reporting
  that some astronomers have hatched a plan to move
  earths orbit
• Sun is going to increase in size and heat output
  over the next few billion years eventually making
  earth uninhabitable
• Move the earth farther out (41 million miles)
  gradually by passing a 62 mile diameter asteroid
  within 10,000 miles of earth every 6,000 years
• 1 million fly bys should do it

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But, . . .

• If the asteroid comes too close, it might break
  up or conceivably even slam into Earth.
• Another possible side effect . . . would be to
  increase the planet's rotation. The encounters
  would have to be planned so that while some would
  cause the Earth to spin faster, others would slow
  it down back to normal rotation speed.
• It's also possible that the moon would be thrown
  from its orbit around the Earth during these
  fly-bys.

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What Does Evolution Say?

• Evolution is unable to deal with such permanent
  properties of nature
• Max Planck (1858-1947), a Nobel Prize winner and
  founder of modern physics, stated
• According to everything taught by the exact
  sciences about the immense realm of nature, a
  certain order prevails - one independent of the
  human mind this order can be formulated in
  terms of purposeful activity. There is evidence
  of an intelligent order of the universe to which
  both man and nature are subservient.

47
Keeping Score
Creation Evolution
Laws of Thermodynamics
Origin of Solar System
Teleology (Design)
TOTAL 3 0
48
Classification of Biological Organisms

• The evolution model predicts
• A continuum of all forms of life
• No classification system would work
• The creation model predicts
• An array of clear-but distinct organisms
• similar structures for similar functions, e.g.
  eyes
• different structures for different functions,
  e.g. gills for fish, lungs for man
• Science of taxonomy
• distinct kinds/species

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The Science of Taxonomy

• The science of taxonomy is a problem for
  evolution
• The classification system introduced by Carolus
  Linnaeus applies to plants/animals in todays
  world as well as to extinct plants and animals
• A continuum of life forms does not exist
• Intermediates have not been observed and/or
  identified in the fossils
• The classification system introduced by Linnaeus
  still works today

50
Quoting an Evolutionist

• The anti-creationist, Niles Eldredge, wrote in
  1985
• And though a few of these eighteenth-century
  systematists had vaguely evolutionary notions,
  nearly all were devoutly and orthodoxly
  religious. They saw the order in their material,
  the grand pattern of similarity running through
  the entire organic realm, as evidence of Gods
  plan of creation.

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Classification Observations

• What we do see is
• Variations within species, e.g. varieties of
  cats, dogs, cows, horses, mankind
• No new kinds produced
• Some kinds become extinct
• Like begets like

Chalk up another one for the Creation Model!
52
Natural Selection and Mutations

• Evolution model predicts
• Small variations between members of a species
  would confer differing degrees of advantage or
  disadvantage in the struggle for existence
• Those with significant advantages would be
  favored
• New and higher types of organisms would emerge
• A mutation (structural change in a gene) is the
  source of genetic variation
• Mutations are primarily beneficial

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Natural Selection and Mutations - 2

• Creation model predicts
• Variation and natural selection work to assure
  genetic integrity and to enable the organism to
  survive in nature
• Characteristics can be adjusted, within limits,
  to changes in the environment
• Mutations are primarily harmful

54
What We See Happening Today

• Variations within a kind, e.g. peppered moth
  evolving to darker color as tree trunks grew
  darker with pollutants during industrial
  revolution
• Adaptation to the environment for survival
• Mutations are harmful to the organism
• Mutations are random and not directed
• Mutations are rare in occurrence
• Mutations almost always generate misfits which
  soon die out

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Origin of Species Never Observed

• All of Darwins evidences turn out to be
  descriptions of creative adaptation, not origin
• According to Niles Eldridge (1986)
• Darwin, it is now become commonplace to
  acknowledge, never really addressed the origin
  of species in his book of that title.
• Darwin never really cited the origin of a new
  species by natural selection
• The British evolutionist Colin Patterson noted
• No one has ever produced a species by mechanisms
  of natural selection. No one has ever gotten
  near it and most of the current argument in
  neo-Darwinism is about this question.

56
On Mutations and Natural Selection

• The philosopher Janus Koestler noted that
• The public continues to believe that Darwin
  provided all the relevant answers by the magic
  formula of random mutations plus natural
  selection - quite unaware of the fact that random
  mutations turned out to be irrelevant and natural
  selections a tautology.
• Mutations turn out to be rare events, and most of
  those are bad
• They do not lead to improvements in the species,
  as evolution predicts

57
Vestigal Organs

• The argument that vestigial organs prove
  evolution is no longer regarded as valid
• No useless vestiges of structures which were
  useful in a former evolutionary stage
• All vestigial organs in man now appear to have
  a use
• At one time there were claimed to be 180 such
  organs in man

58
The Origin of Man

• Evolution model predicts
• Man evolved from an ape
• Creation model predicts
• Mans appearance has remained largely the same

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Ape To Man?

• In a Science Digest article written by Lyall
  Watson, he states that
• The fossils that decorate our family tree are so
  scarce that there are still more scientists than
  specimens. The remarkable fact is that all the
  physical evidence we have for human evolution can
  still be placed, with room to spare, inside a
  single coffin.
• David Pilbeam and Steven Gould (two
  evolutionists) report that
• Unfortunately, the fossil record of pongids
  (apes) is nonexistent, making a glaring
  deficiency in the whole story.

60
Famous Hominid Fossils

• Neanderthal Man 1856
• Java Man 1891
• Piltdown Man 1908
• Nebraska Man 1922
• Ramapithecus 1930
• Lucy - 1974

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Neanderthal Man

• Fossil fragments first found in France 1856
• Skull cap and some limb bones
• Diagnosed as human with deformed vertebrae
• Neanderthal Mans Site in Krapina, 1899-1999
• Another almost complete skeleton found in 1908
• Reconstructed by Marcelle Boule to look ape-like
• Based on pre-conceived evolutionary notions
• Faulty reconstruction recognized in 1957
• Neanderthal is now known to be fully human with a
  bone deformity
• School textbooks still portray as mans ancestor

62
Java Man

• Discovered by Eugene Dubois in 1891
• Ape-like skull cap
• Human-like thigh bone found 50 feet away one year
  later
• Assumed they went together
• Fossils dated at 500,000 years (guesswork based
  on assumed evolutionary model)
• In 1940 Dubois admitted
• He found two human skulls in same area as the
  human thigh bone
• Java Man now regarded as a hoax
• Still included in textbooks as support for
  evolution

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Piltdown Man

• Fossil fragments found in 1908
• Part of a human skull and part of a lower
  ape-like jaw
• Estimated to be 500,000 years old
• Discovered to be a fraud in 1953
• Lower jaw and tooth were from orangutan
• Tooth had been filed
• Parts of lower jaw broken to hide the fact that
  it did not fit with the skull
• Skull was dated at 620 years old and dyed to
  appear old

64
Nebraska Man

• Discovered in 1922
• Dated to be one million years old
• Fossil was only a single tooth
• Complete model of Nebraska Man, his family and
  environment was constructed
• Tooth discovered to be pigs tooth in 1928
• Still cited as evidence for evolution in the
  1940s

65
Ramapithecus

• Found in India in 1930s
• Considered a human ancestor
• Based on some jaw fragments and a few teeth
• More fossil evidence found in 1970s
• Baboons in Ethiopia have same teeth structure as
  Ramapithecus
• Now discarded as a possible missing link
• Had been published as factual evidence of human
  evolution worldwide

66
Lucy

• Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson
• 40 complete skeleton
• Dated at 3.5 million years old
• Evidence
• Arm/leg ratio of 83.9
• Hip/pelvis walked upright
• Knee joint walked upright

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Lucy - 2

• Digging deeper, we find that
• Leg bone broken in two places and one end was
  crushed -gt this invalidates the ratio
• Hip/pelvis was incomplete, and thus reshaped to
  make it look as if it walked upright
• Knee joint was found over one mile away and 200
  feet deeper in strata from rest of bones
• Fossil remains of two different creatures fitted
  to form a make-believe creature

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Summary of Hominid Fossils

• Neanderthal Man accepted as homo sapiens
• Java Man artificial construct
• Piltdown Man proven to be a hoax
• Nebraska Man an extinct pig
• Ramapithecus an orangutan
• Lucy make-believe creature

Another one for the Creation Model!
69
Lord Zuckerman Chimes In

• For example, no scientist could logically
  dispute the proposition that man, without having
  been involved in any act of divine creation,
  evolved from some ape-like creature in a very
  short space of time speaking in geological
  terms without leaving any fossil traces of the
  steps of the transformation.

Zuckerman, Solly. 1971. Beyond the ivory tower
The frontiers of public and private science. New
York Taplinger Publishing Company. p. 64.
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Origin of Life - Probability

• What is the probability that an explosion in a
  junk yard would create a car?
• What is the probability of creating a Boeing
  airplane from such an explosion?
• What is the probability of 200 monkeys pawing
  away at a typewriter could write a Shakespeare
  play?

71
Origin of Life Probability - 2

• Take 200 parts and line them up in a specific
  order
• 200! ways of aligning these parts 10375
• Try a new alignment 1 billion times a second
• Assuming 20 billion years of time, we have 20
  1018 seconds
• The probability of finding the right alignment is
  practically zero
• Living organisms contain many more than 200 parts
• Human being contains 100 million cells
• Only 1080 infinestimal particles in the whole
  universe

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Probability of Synthesis

• Of DNA Molecule
• Medium protein includes about 300 amino acids
• Too complex to arise by chance no matter how
  long the time or how big the universe
• By gradual accretion
• System might advance from one part to a two-part
  system, then to three parts, etc.
• Requires each step to be immediately beneficial
• Probability of success would be incalculably small

73
The Fossil Record

• The theory of evolution is based on two major
  suppositions
• Mutations and natural selection supposedly
  provided the mechanism
• The fossil record allegedly proved the fact of
  evolution
• Fossils should prove evolution since the fossil
  record has long been considered as the main
  evidence for evolution
• The creation model predicts that organisms
  preserved as fossils will correspond to the same
  classification system as applicable to
  present-day plants and animals

74
The Fossil Record - 2

• Evolution model predicts
• Many preliminary forms
• Many transitional forms
• Randomly distributed gaps between present kinds
  and transitional forms
• Basic taxonomic categories should have been
  evolving
• Creation model predicts
• No preliminary forms
• No transitional forms
• Clear gaps between types
• Same taxonomic categories as at present

75
The Fossil Record - 3

• Creation and evolution, between them, exhaust
  the possible explanations for the origin of
  living things. Organisms either appeared on the
  earth fully developed or they did not. If they
  did not they must have developed from preexisting
  species by some process of modification. If they
  did appear in fully formed state, they must have
  been created by some omnipotent intelligence.

D. J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, 1983
76
The Fossil Record - 4

• Darwin admitted in 1859
• Why then is not every geological formation and
  every stratum full of such intermediate links?
  Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely
  graduated organic chain.
• Paul Moody wrote in a standard textbook
• So far as we can judge from the geologic record,
  large changes seem usually to have arisen
  suddenly. ... fossil forms, intermediate between
  large subdivisions of classification, such as
  orders and classes, are seldom read never
  found.

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The Fossil Record - 5

• Evolutionists say we should find transitional
  forms
• Single cell to multi-cell creatures
• Invertebrate to vertebrate
• Fish to reptile
• Reptile to bird
• Ape to man
• To date no true transitional fossil forms have
  been discovered

78
The Fossil Record - 6

• I fully agree with your comments on the lack
  of direct illustration of evolutionary
  transitions in my book. If I knew of any, fossil
  or living, I would certainly have included them.
  . .I will lay it on the line, There is not one
  such fossil for which one might make a watertight
  argument.

-- Dr. Colin Patterson, senior paleontologist
at the British Museum of Natural History
140 years after Darwin, and still no credible
transition form!
79
Coelacanth A Living Fossil

• Coelacanth fish
• Known by paleontologists of 19th and 20th
  centuries from the fossil record
• Extinct about 70 million years ago
• Candidate forerunner to first land animals
• Living specimens
• Found off west coast of Madagascar in 1938
• More found later
• No longer considered a link in evolutionary chain
• Another evolution theory debunked!

80
Fully Formed

• It is considered likely that all the animal
  phyla became distinct before or during the
  Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed,
  without intermediates connecting one phylum to
  another.

Futuyma, Douglas J. 1986. Evolutionary biology.
2d ed. Sunderland, MA Sinauer Associates, Inc.
p. 325.
81
The Fossil Record Summarized

• Missing links are still missing
• Different types of living fossils found
• Sudden appearance of fully formed fossils in the
  Cambrian Explosion
• The same kinds still appear today
• Some species are now extinct
• No new kinds evolved
• Supports the Creation Model!

82
Source Dr. Duane Gish, ICR
83
Geologic Record

• Evolution model predicts
• Uniformitarianism
• Sediment layers deposited gradually
• More complex fossils in higher layers
• Creation model predicts
• Catastrophism
• Evidence for global flood
• Sudden appearance of fully formed fossils

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Conventional History Of The Earth
-First multicellular animal fossils
-First eukaryotic fossils
-Atmospheric Oxygen accumulation (from
cyanobacteria)
-First fossil prokaryotes
-Crust forms
-Formation of the earth
85
The Geological Column
86
Geologic Time Scale with fossils
87
Geologic Column Chart
88
Geologic Column some more details
89
Geologic Column Theory

• Cambrian rocks began to form 600My ago
• now believed to be 520-530My ago
• Cambrian period estimated to be 80My
• now believed to be 5-10My
• Precambrian rocks laid down during the prior
  hundreds of millions of years
• Should contain fossils of evolutionary ancestors
  of the complex vertebrates
• Should contain fossils of transitional forms
  linking the complex vertebrates to common
  ancestors

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What Do We Find?

• Fossils of microscopic, soft-bodied,
  single-celled organisms, such as bacteria and
  algae in Precambrian rocks
• No fossilized ancestors for any Cambrian
  invertebrate
• No trace of transitional forms between the
  various kinds of invertebrates, e.g.
• No linking sponges with jellyfish
• No linking snails with trilobites
• Fossils of a vast array of complex invertebrates
  abruptly appear fully formed in the Cambrian rocks

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The Geologic Column

• The column is not the column that textbooks
  describe
• It rarely exists in its entirety in one location
• All types of rocks, minerals, metals are found in
  all ages and strata
• A progression of fossils through the ages
  documents evolution
• Thats errant, circular reasoning i.e. fossils
  date rocks, yet the rocks date the fossils
  (evolution is assumed)

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The Geologic Column

• The creation / abrupt appearance column is the
  result of a world flood
• Sorting action of water (smaller fossils end up
  going to bottom)
• Ordered destruction of different habitats
• The geologic column illustrates a superficially
  valid successional tendency, but it represents
  a very fast time sequence, not slow
• Mt. St. Helens created a mini Grand Canyon in
  days, and petrified wood in less than ten years!

93
What Does Richard Dawkins Say?

• The Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage about
  600 million years, are the oldest in which we
  find most of the major invertebrate groups. And
  we find many of them already in an advanced state
  of evolution, the very first time they appear. It
  is as though they were just planted there,
  without any evolutionary history. Needless to
  say, this appearance of sudden planting has
  delight creationists.

Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker. 1987.
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What Does Douglas Futuyma Say?

• It is considered likely that all the animal
  phyla became distinct before or during the
  Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed,
  without intermediates connecting one form to
  another.

Douglas Futuyma, Evolutionary Biology, 2nd Ed.
1986
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What We Find In The Fossils

• Same gaps in fossils records as in the organisms
  found today
• All kingdoms and subkingdoms are represented in
  the geologic record from the Cambrian onward
• All phyla of the animal kingdom are represented
  from the Cambrian onward
• All orders and families (as well as kingdoms,
  phyla, and classes) appear suddenly in the fossil
  record, with no indication of transitional forms
  from earlier types

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Animal and Plant Kingdom Fossils

• All classes of the animal kingdom are represented
  from the Cambrian onward, except
• Moss-coral (Ordovician onward)
• Insects (Devonian onward)
• Graptolites (Cambrian to Carboniferous)
• Trilobites (Cambrian to Permian)
• All phyla of the plant kingdom are represented
  from the Triassic onward, except
• Bacteria, algae, fungi (Precambrian onward)
• Bryophytes, pteridophytes (Silurian onward)
• Spermophytes (Carboniferous onward)
• Diatoms (Jurassic onward)

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The Origin of Vertebrates

• Fish believed to be the first vertebrate
• Origin appears sudden and dramatic
• All three subdivisions of the bony fishes appear
  in the fossil record at about the same time
• Errol White, an evolutionist and expert on
  fishes, stated
• But whatever ideas authorities may have on the
  subject, the lungfishes, like very other major
  group of fishes that I know, have their origins
  firmly based in nothing.

E. White, Proceedings of the Linnean Society of
London. 1996.
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Conclusions

• Laws of science consistent with Creationism
• Signs of intelligence in the universe
• The probability of life from non-life is zero
• Abrupt appearance of fully-formed animals
• The missing links are still missing
• Man did not evolve from apes
• Catastrophism explains the geologic column
• There is no credible evidence for evolution!
• Science supports Creationism

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Which Model Fits The Evidence Best?

• So far
• Creation 9
• Evolution 0
• Next
• Age of the earth?