Figure 38.0 Agave (century plant)

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Figure 38.0 Agave (century plant)
Biology 171 Chapter 38 Angiosperm Reproduction
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Figure 38.3d1 Pollination modes
Pollination What is it???
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Alternation of Generations
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Figure 38.1 Simplified overview of angiosperm
life cycle
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Figure 38.2 Review of an idealized flower
Floral Parts
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Flower Types

• Symmetry
• Regular or Irregular
• Radial or Bilateral
• Ovary Location
• Superior
• Inferior
• Semi-inferior

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Floral Variation
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Flower and Reproductive Variation

• Flower Distribution
• Inflorescence
• Reproductive Variation
• Monoecious
• Dioecious

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Monoecious
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Monoecious
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Figure 38.3e Maize, a monoecious species
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Figure 38.3f Sagittaria staminate flowers
(left), carpellate flowers (right)
Dioecious
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Figure 38.4 The development of angiosperm
gametophytes (pollen and embryo sacs)
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Figure 38.5 Pollen grains have tough, ornate,
and distinctive walls
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Male Gametophyte
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Prevention of Self-Fertilization

• Timing
• Structure Pin and Thrum Flowers
• Self-Incompatibility

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Figure 38.6 Pin and thrum flower types
reduce self-fertilization
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Figure 38.7 Genetic basis of self-incompatibility
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Figure 38.9 Growth of the pollen tube and double
fertilization
Double Fertilization
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Figure 38.10 The development of a dicot plant
embryo
Seed Development
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Figure 38.11 Seed structure
Seed Types
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Figure 38.12 Development of a pea fruit (pod)
Simple Fruit Aggregate Fruit Multiple Fruit
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Fruit Development
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Figure 38.13 Mobilization of nutrients during
the germination of a barley seed
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Figure 38.14 Seed germination
Germination
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Asexual Reproduction

• Vegetative Reproduction
• Fragmentation
• Apomixis
• Cuttings
• Grafting Stock and Scion
• Test-Tube Cloning Callus
• Protoplast Fusion

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Figure 38.15 Natural mechanisms of vegetative
reproductions Kalanchoe (left), aspen groves
(right)
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Figure 38.16 Test-tube cloning of carrots
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Figure 38.17 A DNA gun
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Figure 38.18 Protoplasts
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Artificial Selection

• Used for 1000s of years
• Corn or Maize
• Opaque-2 Lysine and Tryptophan

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Figure 38.19 A product of artificial selection
Teosinte (left), maize (right)
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Reducing World Hunger

• 800 Million malnutrition
• 40,000 per day die
• Transgenic Crops
• Bt
• Golden Rice
• Ring Spot and Papaya

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Figure 38.20 Genetically engineered papaya
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Non Target Organisms and Transgene Excape

• Monarch Butterflies
• Hybridization
• Male Sterility
• Transgene in Chloroplast DNA
• Terminator Technology