Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

1
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

• Introduction
• According to the United States Census Bureau, in
  1997 (Casper Bryson, 1998), 3.9 million
  grandparents are raising their grandchildren. As
  many as 3.75 million children under the age of 18
  are living with grandparents. Black children are
  living with grandparents in larger numbers than
  both white and Hispanic children. Extensive
  research has been done to explore the role of
  social programs and services available to
  grandparents. Limited research is available to
  explore the views of grandchildren on the role
  their grandparents on their educational
  performance.

2
Introduction Grandparents Raising Grandchildren

• continued
• Further research is needed to explore the role
  of being raised by a grandparent on childrens
  academic performance. Research is needed to
  describe how a grandparents role influences the a
  child test performance childrens completing
  assignments and childrens regular attendance.
  Educational, social work, and psychological
  journals serve as appropriate references in
  research in childrens educational performance
  when raised by grandparents. There is a concern
  as limited research is available to explore the
  role of African American children being raised by
  grandparents on childrens academic performance.

3
Teachers Perception of The Emotional and
Behavioral Functioning of Children Raised by
GrandparentsOliver W. Edwards

• Teachers perceive children raised by their
  grandparents are experiencing significantly more
  emotional and behavioral problems than their
  peers. Children in these families appear in need
  of school based intervention services (Edwards,
  2006).
• Children that have to cope with early negative
  life experiences, loss of parents, adjustment to
  living with grandparents, and other issues noted
  susceptible social emotional stress (Grant
  Kucera, 1998) .
• This distress will likely negatively affect their
  school-related functioning.
• Anecdotal and qualitative data indicate children
  raised by grandparents experience academic,
  health, and school related problems (Edwards,
  2001 Grant Kucera, 1998 Solomon Marx,
  1995).
• Grandparents have limited energy to assist
  children with school related problems and issues.
  (Burton, 1992)

4
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren A Description
of the Families and a Special Pilot Program

• The percentage of children living with
  grandparents are African American (12) followed
  by Latino (6) and Caucasian (4) children.
  (United States Bureau of the Census,1991).
• Behavioral and emotional problems, and
  relationships between grandparents, parents and
  children are also of concern for grand families
  (Cohler and Grunebaum, 1981).
• Measured by use of Parenting Stress Index
  (Abidin, 1983)
• Relationship Questionnaire (Aprea, Kluger, 1993).
• Validity research on instrument, PSI found to be
  significantly correlated with Achenbach Child
  Behavior Checklist
• Results
• Grandparents found it difficult to accept the
  grandchildrens physical, intellectual, and
  emotional attributes.

5
An Attachment and School Satisfaction Framework
for Helping Children Raised by GrandparentsOlive
r Edwards Shannon Ray

• The non-traditional and increasingly complex
  roles and relationships between children and
  grandparents in these families may also adversely
  affect the childrens functioning and school
  satisfaction (Goodman Silverstein, 2002).
• Children raised by grandparents who experience
  serious negative early life events such as
  neglect, abuse, and frequent changes in guardian
  ship are at high risk for adverse school and life
  outcomes (Casper Bryson, 1998 Poehlmann,
  2003).
• Not all children experience unfavorable outcomes
  influenced by financial status education level,
  age, and social support.

6
African-American in Senior Settings On need for
Educating GrandparentsRobert Strom
Theodora Carter Katherine Schmidt

• Grandparents rated themselves favorably on
  satisfaction, overall success, and teaching.
• Young African Americans adults were more likely
  to endorse role expectations of grandparents.
• African American culture is highly influenced by
  African values that emphasize collectivity,
  belief, and respect.
• Older people have a vital role to play in the
  transference of ethnic children
• Grandparents model culturally appropriate
  behaviors and attitude towards behaviors
• Methods independent variables, drawn from a
  review of literature on intergenerational
  relationships, grandchildren age and gender,
  grandparent age and gender, marital status,
  geographical proximity, time spent with
  grandchild, education level, and number of
  grandchildren.

7
Grandmothers, Mothers and Granddaughters
Perception of Grandparenthood A Qualitative
Analysis of Congruence Across GenerationsPerla
Werner, PhDEli Buchbinder, PhDAriela
Lowenstein, PhDTal Livini, MSW

• Relationship congruence with children and
  grandparents and influencing behaviors.
• Similar to other studies, we also observe data
  that transmission is expressed verbally as well
  as non-verbally, through modeling.
• Highlights bridging role of parents and positive
  relationships transmit, beliefs, norms between
  generation
• bother verbal and non-verbal

8
Gaps in Literature

• Some investigations show these children function
  similarly in school and in their social
  environment when compared to their peers (cf.
  Harrison, Richman, Vittimberga, 2000 Solomon
  Marx 1995).
• Small number of participants leads to lack of
  validity even with correlation and use of
  convenience sample etc. city.
• Psychologists and educators need additional
  empirical data about African American
  grandchildren because they comprise the largest
  relative proportion of children raised by their
  grandparents. It is important that social science
  research include various ethnic populations
  because generalizing cannot be presumed across
  different populations and settings (Sue, 1999).

9
Personal Journey Understanding Assumptions

• I am bi-racial Hispanic and African American
  raised by my grandmother along with other
  siblings. Evaluating my own personal role raised
  by a grandmother on my educational performance
  lead me to this research topic. From the U.S.
  Census Bureau (1994) indicated over 1.35 million
  children being raised by grandparents. Growing
  numbers of children being raised by grandparents
  caused research in the fields of social work and
  psychology to look at the roles of grandparents.
  Limited work has been done to explore the role of
  children raised by grandparents. Personal
  difficulties include completely assignments,
  attend school regularly, and performance on test.
  This study has personal meaning and community
  need in order to explore children's role of being
  raised on educational resources in order to
  provide further educational services. Due to
  growing number of African American children
  raised by grandparents their will be a further
  need for in-depth data. I assume that that
  children will describe their role of being raised
  by grandparents on educational performance
  positively and there will be a high correlation.

10
References

• Edwards, O. (2006, May 1). Teachers' Perceptions
  of the Emotional and Behavioral Functioning of
  Children Raised by Grandparents. Psychology in
  the Schools, 43(5), 565-572. (ERIC Document
  Reproduction Service No. EJ761917) Retrieved
  October 17, 2008, from ERIC database.
• Edwards, O. (2008). An Attachment and School
  Satisfaction Framework for Helping Children
  Raised by Grandparents. Psychology in the
  Schools. 23 (1). 125-137. (ERIC Document
  Reproduction Service No. I98493879) Retrieved
  October 1, 2008. from ERIC database.
• Kugler, M. (1999, September).Grandparents Raising
  Grandchildren A Description of the Families and
  a Special Pilot Program. Journal of
  Gerontological Social Work, 32(1), 5-17.
  Retrieved September 30, 2008, from Academic
  Search Complete database.

Strom, R., Carter, T., Schmidt, K. (2004, April
1). African-Americans in Senior Settings On the
Need for Educating Grandparents. Educational
Gerontology, 30(4), 287-303. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. EJ692133) Retrieved
October 17, 2008, from ERIC database. Werner,
P.,Buchbinder,E, Lowenstein, A. (2007, May)
Grandmothers, Mothers and Granddaughters
Perception of Grandparenthood A Qualitative
Analysis of Congruence Across Generations.
Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 5
(3),7-25. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from
Academic Search Complete database.