Ionic Compounds

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Chapter 4

• Ionic Compounds

2
Chemical Bonds

• 2-types of bonding are found in compounds
• Ionic bond Chapter 4
• Covalent bond Chapter 5

3
Ions

• Ionic compounds substances comprised of ions of
  a metal combined with ions of a nonmetal or group
  of non-metals

4
Ions

• Metals
• Lose electrons
• Forms a cation
• Nonmetals
• Gain electrons
• Forms an anion

5
Ions and the Octet Rule

• Stated
• Metals form cations
• Nonmetals form anions
• Why?
• An ion is formed so that the atom achieves noble
  gas configuration
• Octet Rule main group elements tend to undergo
  reactions that leave them with 8 electrons in
  outer shell
• Outer shell valence shell highest period
• Outer electrons valence electrons e- in
  highest period

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Electron-Dot Symbols

• Electron-dot symbol An atomic symbol with dots
  placed around it to indicate the number of
  valence electrons

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Periodic Properties and Ion Formation

• Ease by which an element forms a cation or anion
  is determined by the energy involved

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Periodic Properties and Ion Formation

• Ease by which a cation is formed ionization
  energy
• Metals have lower ionization energies than
  nonmetals
• Ionization energy increases across a period
• Ionization energy decreases down a group

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Periodic Properties and Ion Formation

• Ease by which an anion is formed electron
  affinity
• Nonmetals have larger electron affinities
• Electron affinity values become more negative
  across a group
• Electron affinity values become less negative
  down a group

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Ionic Bond

• Ionic bond the glue that holds the metal and
  nonmetal together
• Electrostatic attraction (magnets) occurs when
  opposites attract

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Some Properties of Ionic Compounds

• Usually crystalline
• Ions in a solid do not move do not conduct
  electricity
• Once dissolved ions move freely and conduct
  electricity
• High melting and boiling points
• Ionic solids shatter if struck hard
• Ionic compounds dissolve in water if the
  attraction of ions to water is greater than the
  ions attraction to each other

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Ionic Bonds
14
Problem

• Which of the following ions occurs commonly? 
• A.  N3
• B.  S6
• C.  O2-
• D.  Ca
• E.  Cl

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Problems

• Which of the following ions occurs commonly? 
• A.  P3
• B.  Br7
• C.  O6
• D.  Ca2
• E.  K-

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Ionic Bonds
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Naming Ions

• Group 1A, Group 2A, Al, Ga, In, Zn, Sc, Ag, Cd,
  Ru ions
• Give name of element followed by word ion
• All other metals
• Give name of element charge in parenthesis
  (roman numerals) followed by word ion
• Element anions
• Replace the ending of the element name with -ide

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Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic ion
• Poly many
• Atomic atom
• Ion ion
• Think of them as a chemical unit
• States which atoms are present, exact atoms
  present and the charge

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Polyatomic Ions
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Problem

• Which one of the following combinations of names
  and formulas of ions is incorrect? 
• A.  O2- oxide
• B.  Al3 aluminum
• C.  NO3- nitrate
• D.  PO43- phosphate
• E.  CrO42- chromate

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Problem

• Which one of the following combinations of names
  and formulas of ions is incorrect? 
• A.  O2- oxide
• B.  Cd2 cadmium
• C.  ClO3- chlorate
• D.  HCO3- hydrogen carbonate
• E.  NO2- nitrate

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Problem

• Which one of the following combinations of names
  and formulas of ions is incorrect? 
• A.  Ba2 barium
• B.  S2- sulfate
• C.  CN- cyanide
• D.  ClO4- perchlorate
• E.  HCO3- bicarbonate

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Naming Ionic Compounds

• Simply combine the names previously discussed in
  naming ions without the word ion
• Determine which element is the cation
• Can the cation only have one possible charge
• Yes
• Give the name of the metal as seen on periodic
  table
• Give the anion the root name of the element
  followed by the ending ide
• Polyatomic ions get their name

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Naming Ionic Compounds

• No
• Give the name of the metal as seen on periodic
  table
• Indicate the charge on the metal
• Use roman numerals in parenthesis
• Give the anion the root name of the element
  followed by the ending ide
• Polyatomic ions get their name

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Problem

• The colorless substance, MgF2, is used in the
  ceramics and glass industry. What is its name? 
• A.  magnesium difluoride
• B.  magnesium fluoride
• C.  magnesium(II) fluoride
• D.  monomagnesium difluoride
• E.  none of these choices is correct, since they
  are all misspelled

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Problem

• The compound, BaO, absorbs water and carbon
  dioxide readily and is used to dry gases and
  organic solvents. What is its name? 
• A.  barium oxide
• B.  barium(II) oxide
• C.  barium monoxide
• D.  baric oxide
• E.  barium peroxide

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Problem

• The substance, CoCl2, is useful as a humidity
  indicator because it changes from pale blue to
  pink as it gains water from moist air. What is
  its name? 
• A.  cobalt dichloride
• B.  cobalt(II) chloride
• C.  cobalt chloride
• D.  cobaltic chloride
• E.  copper(II) chloride

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Problem

• A red glaze on porcelain can be produced by using
  MnSO4. What is its name? 
• A.  manganese disulfate
• B.  manganese(II) sulfate
• C.  manganese(IV) sulfate
• D.  manganese sulfate
• E.  manganese(I) sulfate

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Problem

• The substance, KClO3, is a strong oxidizer used
  in explosives, fireworks, and matches. What is
  its name? 
• A.  potassium chlorite
• B.  potassium chloride
• C.  potassium(I) chlorite
• D.  potassium(I) chlorate
• E.  potassium chlorate

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Problem

• The compound, (NH4)2S, can be used in analysis
  for trace amounts of metals present in a sample.
  What is its name? 
• A.  ammonium sulfide
• B.  diammonium sulfide
• C.  ammonium sulfite
• D.  ammonia(I) sulfite
• E.  ammonium(I) sulfide

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Problem

• The substance, CaSe, is used in materials which
  are electron emitters. What is its name? 
• A.  calcium monoselenide
• B.  calcium(II) selenide
• C.  calcium selenide
• D.  calcium(I) selenide
• E.  calcium(II) selenium

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Formulas of Ionic Compounds

• Chemical compounds must posses NO charge
• Formulas
• Determine ions involved
• Determine charge on each ion
• Cross and drop the magnitude
• If the magnitude dropped beside a polyatomic is
  greater than 1, place the polyatomic ion in
  parenthesis and magnitude dropped as subscript
  outside parenthesis
• Simplify if the subscripts are divisible by same
  

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Problem

• Sodium oxide combines violently with water. Which
  of the following gives the formula for sodium
  oxide? 
• A.  NaO
• B.  Na1O1
• C.  Na2O1
• D.  Na2O
• E.  Na2O2

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Problem

• Barium fluoride is used in embalming and in glass
  manufacturing. Which of the following gives the
  formula for barium fluoride? 
• A.  BaF2
• B.  Ba1F2
• C.  BaF
• D.  BaF1
• E.  Ba2F

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Problem

• Zinc acetate is used in preserving wood and in
  manufacturing glazes for porcelain. What is its
  formula? 
• A.  ZnAc2
• B.  ZnCH3COO
• C.  Zn(CH3COO)2
• D.  Zn2CH3COO
• E.  ZnCH3COCH3

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Problem

• Barium sulfate is used in manufacturing
  photographic paper. What is its formula? 
• A.  BaSO4
• B.  Ba(SO4)2
• C.  Ba2SO4
• D.  Ba2(SO4)3
• E.  BaSO3

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Problem

• What is the formula for lead (II) oxide? 
• A.  PbO
• B.  PbO2
• C.  Pb2O
• D.  PbO4
• E.  Pb2O3

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H and OH- Ions An Introduction to Acids and
Bases

• The importance of the H cation and the OH- anion
  is that they are fundamental to the concepts of
  acids and bases.
• Acid A substance that provides H ions in water
  for example, HCl ? H Cl-
• Base A substance that provides OH- ions in
  water for example, NaOH ? Na OH-

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Optional Homework

• Text 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.38, 4.46, 4.48, 4.50,
  4.52, 4.54, 4.56, 4.60, 4.62, 4.64, 4.66, 4.68,
  4.70, 4.72, 4.74, 4.76, 4.90, 4.92, 4.96, 4.98
• Chapter 2 Homework from website

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Required Homework

• Assignment 4