Plastics and Synthetic Fibres

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Plastics and Synthetic Fibres

• Intermediate 2 Chemistry
• Unit 2(d)

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Examples of plastics
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Examples of plastics

• Polythene poly(ethene)
• Polystyrene
• Perspex
• PVC
• Nylon
• Bakelite
• Formica
• Silicones

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PVC poly(vinyl chloride)
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Nylon
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Bakelite
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Formica
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Silicones
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Where do plastics come from?

• Crude oil
• Fractional distillation
• Cracking
• Alkenes

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Uses related to properties

• Flexible
• Watertight
• Shatter-proof
• Light

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Non-biodegradable

• Cant be broken down by living things.
• Biopol is a recently developed biodegradable
  plastic.

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Other problems with plastics

• Low density
• Durable
• Burn or smoulder to give off toxic fumes
• Carbon monoxide
• Hydrogen chloride
• Hydrogen cyanide

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Types of plastic

• Thermoplastic
• Can be reshaped on heating
• Thermosetting plastic
• Cannot be reshaped on heating

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Chemistry of plastics

• Plastics are examples of polymers
• These are long chain molecules made from smaller
  molecules joining together
• These smaller molecules are called monomers
• There are two types of polymer
• Addition polymer
• Condensation polymer

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Addition polymers
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Addition polymers

• Like all polymers, these are made from monomers.
• For an addition polymer, these monomers always
  have a CC
• These join together in a reaction called addition
  polymerisation.
• view animation

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MONOMERS
POLYMERS
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MONOMERS
POLYMERS
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Naming polymers

• The name of the polymer is made by taking the
  name of the monomer, putting brackets around it,
  and adding poly in front
• Poly(ethene) is made from ethene
• Poly(vinyl chloride) is made from vinyl chloride.

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Naming practice

• Name the polymer made from
• Propene
• Chloroethene
• Name the monomer used to make
• Poly(heptene)
• Poly(phenylethene)

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Drawing polymers, monomers and the repeating unit
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CC
H
H
H
H
H
H
C6H5
H
C6H5
H
C6H5
H
Poly(phenylethene)
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Condensation polymers
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• What type of molecule is produced from an alkanol
  and alkanoic acid?
• Esters
• Polyesters are made from similar molecules.

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Polyesters
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Monomers

• Must have two functional groups per molecule
• For polyesters, they are a diol and a diacid

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Condensation polymerisation

• The joining up of two molecules, producing water,
  is condensation.
• Because giant molecules are made, this is
  condensation polymerisation.
• Specifically with a diol and a diacid, a
  polyester is produced.

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Polyamides

• Are produced when an amine group reacts with a
  carboxyl group.

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Amides

• Formed when an amine reacts with an alkanoic acid.

amide
amine
carboxylic acid
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Polyamides

• Are condensation polymers.
• Formed when a diamine reacts with a diacid.

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Recently developed plastics

• Kevlar
• Very strong
• Poly(ethenol)
• Water soluble
• Biopol
• Biodegradable

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Kevlar
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Kevlar
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Poly(ethenol)
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Poly(ethenol)
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