Water Demand Management

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Water Demand Management UNIT 2
Municipal WDM
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Course map
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Outcomes

• By the end of this unit, you should be able to
• contextualise your MWSA within your countrys
  water supply chain
• assess the WDM potential for your MWSA and relate
  this to IWRM and sustainable development

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Outcomes

• By the end of this unit, you should be able to
• map or list the nature of water resources,
  consumers, users and demand in your own context
• list constraints and incentives affecting WDM
  implementation for MWSAs
• relate these to your own country and situation

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Outcomes

• By the end of this unit, you should be able to
• formulate ideas for exploiting incentives and
  overcoming constraints to WDM implementation
• understand the successes and challenges of some
  municipal case studies
• begin to develop your own MWSAs WDM
  implementation plan

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2.1 What is an MWSA?

• Typical MWSAs
• Vary across Southern Africa
• Are responsible for supply to domestic,
  industrial and commercial users
• Face rapidly growing demand
• Are under pressure to provide cheap reliable
  water to more users
• Have a limited policy-making role

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2.1 What is an MWSA?

• Typical MWSAs
• Operate within a fixed enabling environment
• Have limited control over water tariffs
• Implement direct and indirect WDM actions
• Cover one part of the water management cycle
• Have significant impact on water management
  practices in their areas

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2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

• The main components of a WDM plan
• An enabling policy environment for end-users and
  the MWSA
• Appropriate institutional setup within the MWSA
• Appropriate measures and implementation taken by
  the MWSA

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2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

• MWSAs can make an impact on the enabling
  environment by
• altering by-laws
• introducing water conservation standards and
  norms
• showcasing their own implementation of WDM as
  large water users

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2.2.1 WDM in the MWSA

• A WDM plan for an MWSA should
• implement WDM measures for the MWSA
• promote the implementation of WDM measures by
  end-users and bulk water suppliers
• promote economic, environmental and social
  benefits
• be developed within IWRM and ILCP contexts

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2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

• Economic sustainability the efficiency of
  water service provision and the ability to
  continue to provide services in the future

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2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

• Social sustainability the ability to
  provide affordable water and to make sufficient
  water available for all residents and productive
  activities

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2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

• Environmental sustainability the maintenance
  of economic growth and development within the
  limits set by ecology
• Environmental protection and economic
  development are complementary, not antagonistic

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2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

• Sustainable service provision when water
  continues to be available for the design period
  of a scheme, programme or initiative, in the
  quantity and quality that was originally planned

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2.2.2 Sustainability in an MWSA context

• Elements required for sustainability
• proper design and planning
• money for recurring expenses and repairs
• consumer acceptance of the service
• adequate supply from the source
• sound construction
• Sustainability is a key objective of WDM

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2.2.3 Municipal water sources

• Fresh surface water
• Fresh groundwater
• Re-use of return flows
• Quantity, quality, and reliability are all
  extremely important

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2.3.1 The municipal water supply chain

• Water resource management
• Water distribution management
• End-user efficiency and demand management
• Return flow management
• WDM measures need to be targeted at specific
  stages in the water supply and management chain

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2.3.1 The municipal water supply chain

• The South African DWAF has illustrated possible
  WDM measures at each management level (Figure 1)
• The line between Water Conservation (WC) and WDM
  becomes thin
• Best results are achieved when both are pursued
  simultaneously.
• WDM is broader than WC all WC measures fall
  within WDM

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2.3.2 MWSA clients

• Bulk suppliers of raw or treated water
• government
• parastatals
• autonomous suppliers
• Water management institutions

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MWSA clients (Cont.)

• Regulators
• End-users
• domestic users
• industries
• private and public service sectors

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Activity

• What institutions and organisations does your
  MWSA deal with?
• From whom do you source water?
• To whom do you supply water?
• Which Acts and regulations affect you?
• Which departments affect or control your MWSA?
• Which sectors of the economy rely on your MWSA
  for water supply and/or management?
• Use this information for your WDM plan

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2.3.3 Accountability of MWSAs

• WDM in municipal areas is a shared responsibility
  of all stakeholders
• In most countries,
• MWSA officials are accountable to their
  councillors
• Councillors are accountable to the electorate
• This may become obscured with privatised and
  commercialised utilities

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2.3.3 Accountability of MWSAs

• SA DWAF WDM principles
• Water institutions should supply water
  efficiently and effectively, minimising water
  losses and promoting WDM/WC among end-users
• Consumers should not waste water and should use
  it efficiently
• WDM and WC are integral parts of the water
  resources and water service planning process

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Activity

• SA WDM objectives
• Water resource management
• Water distribution management
• End-user efficiency and demand
• Return flow management
• Are they relevant to your municipal water supply
  and management chain?
• Are there others you could add?

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2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

• ILCP is
• a methodology that determines the effectiveness
  of infrastructure augmentation decisions
• a measure of whether or not the right decision is
  being made

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2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

• The aim to keep water supply costs to end-users
  as low as possible by considering the
  effectiveness of the entire water chain
• The challenge to minimise the cost to the
  end-user as though each party in the water chain
  were integrated into one body

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Case study Rand waters ILCP model

• Rand Water supplies water to
• 13 municipalities
• 3 metropolitan areas
• 10 million people
• an area of 18 000 km2

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Case study Rand waters ILCP model

• Figure 2 Rand Water area of supply within South
  Africa

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Case study Rand waters ILCP model
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Case study Rand waters ILCP model

• Causes of premature augmentation of
  infrastructure
• Demand projections
• Difference in the start point and growth rates of
  projections

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Case study Rand waters ILCP model

• Figure 4 Costs due to difference in start point
  and growth rate projections

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Case study Rand waters ILCP model

• Excessive water loss
• Inefficient use of water
• Loss
• Conclusions

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2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning
Institution Water supply costs ILCP issues
Bulk water supplier 0.75/m3 Cheapest source of supply?
MWSA 0.50/m3 LC treatment and distribution mechanism
Total water costs 1.25/m3 Is it possible to reduce the total water costs by improving on any stage in the water chain?
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2.4 Integrated Least Cost Planning

• Ensures that social and environmental concerns
  are adequately taken care of
• Requires cross-institutional planning and
  co-operation

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2.5 WDM reasons

• WDM is a tool, not a goal
• Social, financial and environmental reasons
• Specific reasons vary from case to case

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2.5 WDM reasons direct incentives

• Escalating costs of water augmentation schemes
• Reliance on non-renewable water resources
• Reliance on shared water sources
• High water leakages
• Inefficiencies in end-use

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2.5.1 Social reasons

• Saved water serves those without previous access
• Improved service delivery
• Lead by example
• Good customer service leads to rise in payment
  levels

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2.5.1 Social reasons

• Raised awareness among end-users
• Keeps rates affordable
• Safeguards water resources for current growth and
  future generations

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2.5.2 Financial reasons

• Flexible and incremental implementation spreads
  costs over time
• Lower customer charges
• Benefit/cost ratio may exceed 101
• Reduces need for water purification and treatment

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2.5.2 Financial reasons

• Reduces expenditure on capital-intensive
  augmentation schemes
• Improved affordability increases customer base
• Reduces UAL and loss of revenues

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2.5.2 Financial reasons

• Ring-fenced revenue retained within departments
  for
• Maintenance
• Service delivery
• Expansion
• Better water resource management
• Increases productive water use
• Consumers benefit from reduced bills

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2.5.3 Environmental reasons

• Water for ecological requirements
• Promotes sustainable use through water efficient
  practice
• Reduces pollution through effluent-quality
  tariffs
• Increased resource use efficiency

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Summary

• WDM serves not only environmental purposes
• WDM has sound economic and social reasons

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2.6 WDM constraints

• Constraints
• defer or prevent the adoption or implementation
  of WDM measures
• are well documented
• are powerful
• vary between authors and studies

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2.6.1 Understanding constraints

• Organise your thinking about constraints
• Identify
• Structure
• Analyse spatially
• international
• national
• district
• local

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2.6.1 Understanding constraints

• Analyse by stakeholder
• Water planners/managers
• Bulk suppliers
• MWSAs
• End-users
• Resolve or mitigate

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2.6.1.1 Structuring constraints

• Information and awareness
• WDM capacity and infrastructure
• Habits and attitudes
• Policy and regulation

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2.6.1.1 Structuring constraints

• Costs and benefits
• Uncertainties
• Macroeconomic conditions
• Water scarcity extent and nature

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Information and awareness

• Lack of awareness about
• water scarcity
• WDM contents
• institutional roles and responsibilities

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Information and awareness

• Trends
• There is confusion and uncertainty about
  information
• There is a lack of awareness about water scarcity
• Awareness about WDM is gradually increasing

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Human and financial resources

• Lack of
• human resources and skills
• WDM champions
• financial resources
• specific WDM funding
• co-ordination through the water supply and
  management chain
• technical know-how

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Human and financial resources

• Trends
• HR and skills are most problematic at local level
• WDM champions are emerging
• Funding of WDM remains a problem
• Co-ordination amongst stakeholders in water
  supply chain is improving slowly

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Infrastructure

• Constraints
• Lack of metering
• Old infrastructure
• Poor maintenance
• Trends
• Vary between countries

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Habits and attitudes

• Constraints
• Resistance to change
• Traditional supply bias and economic interest in
  supply interventions
• Lack of political will
• WDM only for droughts?
• Trends
• Most constraints are gradually easing

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Policy and legislation

• Constraints
• WDM only recently incorporated into policies and
  legislation
• Low priority for WDM
• Trends
• Large differences between countries
• Gradual improvement in policy adoption and
  legislation

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Costs and benefits

• Constraints
• Subsidies discourage WDM
• Costs precede benefits
• O M costs are often neglected in water planning
• No cost-benefit assessment of water management
  options

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Costs and benefits

• Trends
• Water tariff subsidies are being reduced as a
  function of applying WDM

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Uncertainties

• Constraints
• WDM results less tangible than water augmentation
• Full implications of WDM uncertain due to limited
  experience

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Uncertainties

• Trends
• The availability of case studies is
• reducing uncertainty over WDM results
• improving the predictability of WDM implications

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Macroeconomic conditions

• Constraints
• Shortage of WDM funding
• Style of governance
• Degree of stability
• Trends
• Vary greatly across the region

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Water scarcity

• Constraints
• Degree and nature of water scarcity
• Trends
• Varies greatly across the region and may not
  require WDM intervention

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Overview

• Wide range of constraints
• Substantial differences among countries
• Most constraints are easing
• Water-scarce countries with relatively good
  governance have the most comprehensive WDM
  approach
• Constraints change over time
• WDM strategies must work under different
  macroeconomic conditions

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Activity

• In groups, examine the list of constraints in
  Table 10
• Discuss what trends have taken place over the
  last ten years in your country
• Review the solutions given for overcoming the
  constraints
• Discuss the greater participation of end-users,
  particularly women, in overcoming the constraints

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Activity

• How could traditional knowledge and water
  management practices be used to overcome
  constraints?
• For each constraint, formulate a specific
  appropriate strategy for your situation
• Add any new constraints your group has identified
  and rank them for your country

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2.7.3 Case study City of Bulawayo

• Examine the drivers
• WDM plan
• WDM approach
• Constraints
• Achievements
• Lessons learnt

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2.7.3 Case study City of Bulawayo

• Average rainfall
• 500 mm/a
• Pop. 1 Million
• Volume of water supplied 120 000 m3/day
• Level of service 99 full reticulation
• 106 000 connections
• 90 are metered
• Distribution network
• 2 100 km

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City of Bulawayo - drivers for WDM

• Water supply constraints
• Recurrent droughts
• Water scarcity
• Water sector reforms

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City of Bulawayo - alternatives
Project Yield (106 m3/a) NPV (US/m3)
Gwayi-Shangani dam 141 0.55
Lower Tuli dam 65 1.24
Zambezi pipeline 57 2.23
Glass Block dam 28 0.77
Mtshabezi pipeline 8 1.17
Umguza well-field 4 0.22
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City of Bulawayo - WDM alternative

• In the short term (lt 5 years)
• WDM at various levels
• Reducing losses from 23 to 15
• Cost US0.04/m3
• Cheaper than any new alternative sources

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City of Bulawayo - water loss reduction plan

• Establishing economic levels for loss reduction
• Pilot studies
• Utility mapping
• Network modelling
• Analysis of cost data

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City of Bulawayo - reduction of UAL
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City of Bulawayo - other WDM activities

• Water conservation campaign and public education
• Reuse and recycling of wastewater
• Pricing of water to reflect scarcity (highest
  block US0.25/m3)
• Setting up a management information system
• Metering
• Review of the implications of sector reforms

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City of Bulawayo - lessons

• WDM implementation is usually triggered by severe
  water shortages
• WDM should be evaluated and appraised along with
  other alternative sources
• WDM is about 50 social engineering
• Wastewater recycling and reuse is an important
  WDM option
• Water pricing to reflect scarcity with subsidies
  for the poor

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City of Bulawayo - lessons

• Computerised management information system is
  essential
• Metering is indispensable (bulk, zones, district,
  consumer)
• A holistic approach is important (WDM Plans,
  Strategies Unit 4)
• External expertise and financing may be required

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2.7 Open discussion on other case studies

• Hermanus
• Windhoek
• Kwekwe
• Other

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