Water Quality Management in India

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Water Quality Management in India R.M.Bhard
waj Central Pollution Control Board(Ministry of
Environment Forests)Parivesh Bhawan', East
Arjun NagarDelhi 110 032 E-mail
scrmb.cpcb_at_nic.in, rmbdelhi_at_yahoo.co.in
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India at a Glance Area 3.28 million sq km
(2 of worlds total ) Population(2001) 1020
million(16 of worlds total)
(2005) 1060 million Coordinates 80 4 and 3706
North latitudes 6807 and 97025 East
longitudes Climate Tropical (Tropic of cancer
divides India two halves) Land
Frontier 15,200 km Coastline 7,500 km No.of
States/UTs 28 States and 7 Union territories
including the National Capital Region
of Delhi.
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Water is Precious and scarce Resource

• India is one of the wettest country in the world,
  but rainfall is highly uneven with time and space
  (with extremely low in Rajasthan and high in
  North-East)
• On an average there are only 40 rainy days (100
  hours)
• Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received, about 600 BCM
  is put to use so far.
• Water resources are over-exploited resulting in
  major WQ problems

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Water use in India (Year 2000)
Sector Water use in BCM percent
Irrigation 541 85.33
Domestic 42 6.62
Industry 8 1.26
Energy 2 0.32
Other 41 6.47
Total 634 100.00
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• NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
• Water quality monitoring in India started in 1978
  under GEMS Programme.
• National programme of Monitoring of Indian
  National Aquatic Resources started in 1984 with a
  total of 120 stations in 10 River Basins.
• Present network comprising of 870 stations
  extended to 26 states 5 Union Territories.
• Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly
  basis.
• Monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4
  Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains and
  218 wells.
• Water samples are analysed for 9 Core Parameters
  (pH, Temperature, Conductivity, DO, BOD, Nitrite,
  Nitrate, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform) for
  all monitoring. 19 General Parameters, 9 Toxic
  Metals and 15 Pesticides are also analysed once
  in a year.
• Frequency of analysis for General Parameters
  reduced to once in a year in view of resources
  and to add more stations in non-represented
  water-bodies. Frequency and Parameters does not
  match the guidelines of GEMS. Base-line, Trend
  and Impact stations are maintained as per the
  guidelines of GEMS.

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Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring
Core Parameters (9)
Field Observations (7)
Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)
General Parameters (19)
Trace Metals (9)
Pesticide (7)
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For rational planning of pollution control
strategies and their prioritisationTo assess
nature and extent of pollution control needed in
different water bodies or their partTo
evaluate effectiveness of pollution control
measures already in existence To evaluate
water quality trend over a period of timeTo
assess assimilative capacity of a water body
thereby reducing cost on pollution controlTo
understand the environmental fate of different
pollutants. To assess the fitness of water for
different uses.
Objective of Water Quality Monitoring
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• CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONS
• River/Stream
• Water intake point - community water supply.
• Large/medium polluting industries or cluster of
  SSI.
• Religious bathing.
• Source of river pristine quality.
• Filling up long distance between existing
  stations.
• D/S of large irrigated areas.
• Low flow stretches.
• D/S of big cities.
• U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers.
• Inter-state boundaries.

• Lake/Reservior/Pond/Tank
• Water abstraction point.
• Organised bathing.
• Vicinity of significant outfall.
• Recreational purpose.

• Canal
• Irrigation offtake.
• D/S of wastewater outfall.
• Intake point drinking water.

• Groundwater
• Drinking water source located in insanitary
  condition sewage cesspool, septic tank, garbage
  dump, shallow aquifer.
• Tube-wells, hand-pumps or dugwells in industrial
  area.

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Water Quality Criteria
Designated best use Class Criteria
Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections A Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less.
Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections A pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections A Dissolved oxygen 6 mg/l or more
Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections A Biochemical oxygen demand 2 mg/l or Less
Outdoor bathing (organised) B Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less
Outdoor bathing (organised) B pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Outdoor bathing (organised) B Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/l or more
Outdoor bathing (organised) B Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or Less
Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection C Total coliform organisms MPN/ 100ml shall be 5000 or less
Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection C pH between 6 and 9
Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection C Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection C Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wild life, fisheries D pH between 6.5 and 8.5
Propagation of wild life, fisheries D Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
Propagation of wild life, fisheries D Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal E pH between 6.0 and 8.5
Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal E Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm
Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal E Sodium absorption ratio less than 26
Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal E Boron less than 2mg/l
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Outcome of National Monitoring Programme

• Every year a compendium of water quality
  statistics is published and circulated to various
  scientific institutes and processed data is put
  on the web site for easy access.
• Basin sub basin Inventory of water pollution is
  prepared and published for all the major river
  basins in the country.
• Water quality atlas is prepared to assess the
  fitness of river water for desired uses in the
  country.
• Water quality data is used for Identification of
  Polluted Water Bodies based on violation of
  desired water quality criteria for designated
  uses.
• Water quality data formed the basis for
  Formulation of River Action Plan and
  Identification of Pollution Sources in 157 cities
  for interception and diversion of municipal
  wastewater and stricter surveillance of
  industrial sources.
• Water quality data is used for Query Response
  i.e. to reply Parliament Questions, VIP
  reference, Public Queries, Public Interest
  Litigation filed in Supreme Court and Various
  High Courts and to fulfill the requirement of Non
  Governmental Organisation, Students, and
  Researchers.
• Providing data to GEMS Programme on Water on
  annual basis for 72 stations for global data base.

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Constraints in Maintaining the Network

• Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance
  of instruments and equipments.
• Financial as well as Manpower resources are
  inadequate and reducing due to policy shift.
• Travel to long distances for monitoring and
  preservation of samples in warm weather
  conditions adversely affect the results.
• Analysis results needs in-depth validation and
  repeated interaction with laboratories.
• Improper reporting of units, variation in
  analysis methods and quality control of chemicals
  are cause of concern.
• Lack of training for laboratory and field staff.
• Lack of software to analyse the data for trend
  analyses and data validation.

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Limitations of Monitoring Programme

• Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in
  water quality.
• Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period
  of monsoon.
• Environmental flows are not maintained, hence
  only urban wastewater flows in the rivers after
  major abstraction points.
• Removal of outliers during validation of data may
  devoid valuable information related to flushing
  of Industrial effluents responsible for episodal
  pollution and fish kill.
• Need of software for processing, validation/trend
  analyses and format data storage.
• Priorities for water quality management varies
  widely from developed countries to developing
  countries.

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Water body-wise Frequency-wise Distribution of
Water Quality Monitoring Stations
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RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS
Contd. On Next Page
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Contd. From Pre-Page
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Water Quality in Indian Rivers - 2002
River Name Length (km) No. of Stns. Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters
River Name Length (km) No. of Stns. Temp. 0C pH Conductivity (?mhos/cm) DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l) COD (mg/l) Total Coliform (MPN/100 ml) Faecal Coliform (MPN/100 ml)
Ganga 2525 34 3-34 6.4-9.0 19-2720 2.7-11.5 0.5 16.8 1-30 300-25x105 20-11x105
Yamuna 1376 23 3-34 6.7-9.8 56-1959 0.1-22.7 1.0 36 1-112 27-26.3x106 11-17.2x105
Sabarmati 371 8 12-32 2.9-8.6 269-13530 0.6-7.9 0.8 475 4-1794 210-28x105 28-28x105
Mahi 583 7 19-34 7.1-9.2 175-5720 0.2-8.5 0.1 3.0 9-163 3-2400 3-75
Tapi 724 10 20-40 7.4-9.0 76-700 4.8-8.8 0.6 10.0 8-40 40-2100 2-210
Narmada 1312 14 6.9-9.3 102-1341 5.8-9.8 0.1 3.8 6-47 9-2400 2-64
Godavari 1465 11 22-35 7.0-9.0 118-1400 3.1-10.9 0.5 78.0 3-96 8-5260 2-3640
Krishna 1401 17 18-33 6.8-9.5 28-11050 2.9-10.9 0.2 10.0 3-88 17-33300 3-10000
Cauvery 800 20 21-37 2.0-9.2 31-53100 0.1-12.6 0.1 26.6 30 39-160000 2-28000
Mahanadi 851 16 18-38 7.3-8.9 114-15940 1.3-10.4 1.0 7.6 7-39 15-30000 50-17000
Brahmani 799 11 20-38 7.0-8.4 81-376 5.2-9.8 1.5 6.0 8-13 80-90000 40-60000
Baitarni 5 24-36 7.3-8.3 54-78400 6.8-9.3 2.0 6.8 7 900-22000 700-11000
Subarnrekha 395 6 18-36 6.5-8.0 113-355 5.2-8.5 0.2 12.0 4-96 150-1800 70-540
Brahmaputra 916 6 15-32 6.5-9.0 104-684 1.1-10.5 0.1 3.9 6-11 360-240000 300-24000
Pennar 597 4 - 7.5-8.7 364-978 6.0-9.3 1.0 2.9 14-16 - -
Satluj 1078 20 9-32 6.8-8.8 131-819 3.8-11.4 0.1 45.0 1-80 8-35000 2-3500
Beas 460 19 3-32 7.1-8.7 53-517 5.2-11.5 0.3 5.0 1-13 2-2400 2-1600
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WATER QUALTIY STATUS TREND FROM 1994 TO 2004
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WATER QUALITY STATUS Analysis of 11 years data
with respect to BOD values as indicator of
organic pollution
S.No Level of Pollution Pollution Criteria Riverine length, Km. Riverine length percentage
01. Severely polluted BOD more than 6 mg/l 6086 15
02. Moderately polluted BOD 3-6 mg/l 8691 19
03. Relatively clean BOD less than 3 mg/l 30242 66
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State-wise Riverine length (in Km) under
different level of pollution
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River basin-wise Riverine length(in Km.)under
different level of pollution
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IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTED WATER BODIES

• CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for
  prioritising pollution control efforts in
  1988-89.
• The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during
  1992-93.
• The list is now revised to 86 polluted stretches.
• The concerned State Pollution Control Boards were
  asked to take adequate measures to restore the
  desired level.

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RIVER ACTION PLAN

• CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which
  leads to formulation of action plan for
  restoration of the water body.
• Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga Action
  Plan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of
  the Ganga by interception, diversion and
  treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns
  located along the river.
• Based on the experience gained during
  implementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of
  India extends river cleaning programme to other
  rivers and lakes.

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NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLAN
River No. of Towns River No. of Towns
Ganga 74 Brahmini 3
Yamuna 22 Chambal 3
Damodar 12 Gomti 3
Godavari 6 Krishna 2
Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1
Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1
Satluj 4 Kshipra 1
Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1
Betwa 3 Narmada 1
Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1
Grand Total 157 Grand Total 157 Grand Total 157 Grand Total 157
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T H A N K Y O U