Globally Harmonized System and the Revised Hazard Communication Standard

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Globally Harmonized System and the Revised
Hazard Communication Standard
HazCom 2012/GHS 29CFR 1910.1200
OSHA VIDEO
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Evolution of the Hazcom Standard

• Bhopal, India (2-3 Dec 1984) one of the worlds
  largest industrial disasters.
• Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant.
• Gas leak methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas.
• The official immediate death toll is 2259, but
  India claims it was 3787. Other estimate 8000
  died within 2 weeks and another 8000 died since.
• A 2006 government affidavit stated the leak
  caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478
  temporary partial injuries and approximately
  3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.

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Bhopal, India (2-3 Dec 1984)

• The acute symptoms were burning in the
  respiratory tract and eyes, breathlessness,
  stomach pains and vomiting. The causes of deaths
  were choking, reflexogenic circulatory collapse
  and pulmonary edema. Findings during autopsies
  revealed changes not only in the lungs but also
  cerebral edema, tubular necrosis of the kidneys,
  fatty degeneration of the liver and necrotizing
  enteritis. The stillbirth rate increased by up to
  300 and neonatal mortality rate by around 200.

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Bhopal, India (2-3 Dec 1984)

• As of 2008, the Union Carbide Corp had not
  released information about the possible
  composition of the cloud. Apart from methyl
  isocyanate, the gas cloud may have contained
  phosgene, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide,
  hydrogen chloride, oxides of nitrogen, monomethyl
  amine and carbon dioxide, either produced in the
  storage tank or in the atmosphere. The gas cloud
  was composed mainly of materials denser than the
  surrounding air, stayed close to the ground and
  spread outwards through the surrounding community.

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Events in the United States

• 19 July 1974 An explosion resulting from the
  ignition of leaked isobutene in a railyard in
  Decatur, Illinois, US, kills seven workers and
  injures 107
• The PEPCON disaster was an industrial disaster
  that occurred in Henderson, Nevada on May 4, 1988
  at the Pacific Engineering Production Company of
  Nevada (PEPCON) plant. The chemical fire and
  subsequent explosions claimed two lives, injured
  372 people, and caused an estimated US100
  million of damage. A large portion of the Las
  Vegas Valley 10 miles (16 km) away was affected,
  and several agencies activated disaster plans.
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vWzPksCgnCqc
• 23 April 2004 - Formosa Plastic USA's polyvinyl
  chloride plant in central Illinois, US, suffered
  an explosion killing five workers and
  hospitalising a further five.
• 23 March 2005 Explosion and fire hits BPs
  Texas City refinery killing 15 contract workers
  and injuring more than 170 people. BP attributed
  the explosion to a series of mistakes by its
  personnel before and during the start-up of an
  isomerisation process unit

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Hazard Communication Standard

• To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals
  produced or imported are evaluated, and that
  information is communicated to the employers and
  the employees through a comprehensive program.

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Chemicals in the Workplace

• About 43 million workers are exposed to one or
  more chemical hazards
• Estimated 650,000 existing chemical materials
• Hundreds of new products being introduced annually

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How Hazard Communication Works
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• The hazard communication standard is different
  from other OSHA health rules because it covers
  all hazardous chemicals.
• OSHAs standard (Title 29, Code of Federal
  Regulations, Part 1910.1200, 1915.99, 1917.28,
  1918.90, and 1926.59 ) applies to general
  industry, shipyard, marine terminals,
  longshoring, and construction employment and
  covers chemical manufacturers, importers,
  employers, and employees exposed to chemical
  hazards.

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In the U.S., Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), Department of
Transportation (DOT) and Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC). The other agencies are in
various stages of planning for and implementing
GHS.
Interagency Working Group on Harmonization
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Information ProtectionConfusion
RiskDifferent systems of hazard classification
labeling can cause confusion therefore
potential risks.Clarity/Simplicity/Consistency
(Harmonization) Effective Communication of
Information Improved Protection
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Many examples abound of the value of
simplifying product level labels to improve the
meaningful transmission of health environmental
information to the public?Simplified food
nutrition labeling to promote informed health
choices.?Sunscreen SPF labeling to allow for
improved self-protective decisions.?Appliance
energy conservation labels.?Car mileage safety
information labels.
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Labels are complex and need improvement.
Constant improvement is a core principle for risk
reduction.?Symbols are a simple, frequently
used communication device that are a short hand
means to effectively convey message.?In the
label situation, they would draw attention to
other information. In combination with existing
or improved label language format, they would
strengthen risk communication.?Change is the
norm with labels. In a dynamic scientific
environment, they are constantly evolving to
reflect changed requirements or circumstances.
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It is expected that the GHS will be a living
document and is expected to remain up-to-date and
relevant therefore further changes may be
adopted on a two year cycle.
Two Year Cycle
Direct Final Rules
Notice and Comment
Technical Update
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UN GHS Links Information

• United Nations Economic Commission for Europe GHS
  Sub-committee
• http//www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_we
  lcome_e.html

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The Workplace

• Employers shall provide employees with effective
  information and training on hazardous chemicals
  in their work area at the time of their initial
  assignment, and whenever a new physical or health
  hazard that employees have not been previously
  trained about is introduced into their work area.

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Employees shall be informed of

• Any operations in their work area where hazardous
  chemicals are present
• Methods and observations that may be used to
  detect the presence or release of a hazardous
  chemical in the work area (such as monitoring
  conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring
  devices, visual appearance or odor of hazardous
  chemicals when being released, etc.)
• Measures employees can take to protect themselves
  from these hazards, including specific procedures
  the employer has implemented to protect employees
  from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as
  appropriate work practices, emergency procedures,
  and personal protective equipment to be used

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Training must include

• Categories of hazards (such as flammability or
  carcinogenicity) or specific chemicals.
  Chemical-specific information must always be
  available through labels and safety data sheets
• The location, availability and details of the
  Written Hazard Communication Program-(Employers
  must have a written program describing how the
  rule will be implemented.
• A list of hazardous chemicals,
• Methods for informing employees about non-routine
  tasks,

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Employee Hazard Recognition
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Recognition of Health Hazards

• Clues that may indicate exposure to chemical
  hazards
• Odor
• Taste
• Particles in respiratory system
• Acute symptoms
• Visible material in air
• Settled dust

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What are the types of Occupational Health Hazards
Chemical
Physical
Biological
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Chemical Hazards

• The majority of health hazards encountered in
  workplace are chemical hazards.
• Solvents
• Acids
• Metals
• Dust
• Pesticides

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Characteristics of Chemical Hazards

• Dusts
• Fumes
• Mists
• Aerosols
• Fibers
• Vapors
• Gases

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Dust

• Dust are solid particles that are formed by
  handling, crushing, grinding, drilling, or
  blasting of organic or inorganic materials.

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• Fumes consists of very small fine solid particles
  in air that form when solid particles are heated
  to a high temperature, evaporate to vapor, and
  become solid again

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Mists
Mist is a phenomenon caused by small droplets of
water suspended in air. It can occur as part of
natural weather or volcanic activity, and is
common in cold air above warmer water, in exhaled
air in the cold, and in a steam room of a sauna.
It can also be created artificially with aerosol
canisters if the humidity conditions are
right. The only difference between mist and fog
is visibility.
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Aerosols
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid
particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples
are clouds, and air pollution such as smog and
smoke. In general conversation, aerosol usually
refers to an aerosol spray can or the output of
such a can. Aerosols have many technological
applications including aerosol sprays dispersal
of pesticides medical treatment of respiratory
illnesses and in combustion technology
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Fibers

• Solid particles whose length is several times
  greater than their diameter. Asbestos is an
  example.

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Vapors

• The volatile form of substances that are normally
  in a solid or liquid state at room temperature
  and pressure.

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Gases

• Gases are formless fluids that expand to occupy
  the space or enclosure in which they are
  confined.

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Biological Hazards

• Bacteria
• Brucellosis, legionella, tuberculosis
• Viruses
• Hepatitis B, HIV
• Fungi
• Aspergillus, histoplasma
• Molds

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Routes of Entry

• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Skin Absorption
• Injection

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Inhalation

• The respiratory system is the major route of
  exposure for airborne chemicals and dusts.

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Ingestion
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Skin Absorption
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Injection
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Hazard Classification

• Classification (similar to hazard determination)
  is based on the full range of available
  information. Specific criteria for classification
  of health and physical hazards, as well as
  classification of mixtures have been established.
  This specific criteria will help to ensure that
  evaluations of hazardous effects are consistent
  across manufacturers, and that labels and safety
  data sheets are more accurate as a result.

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Health Hazards
Acute Toxicity Skin Corrosion/ Irritation Serious
Eye Damage/ Eye Irritation Respiratory or Skin
Sensitization Germ Cell Mutagenicity Carcinogenici
ty
Reproductive Toxicity STOT Single Exposure STOT
Repeated Exposure Aspiration Simple Asphyxiants
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Health Hazards
Hazard Class Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category
Acute Toxicity 1 2 3 4
Skin Corrosion/ Irritation 1A 1B 1C 2
Serious Eye Damage/ Eye Irritation 1 2A 2B
Respiratory or Skin Sensitization 1
Germ Cell Mutagenicity 1A 1B 2
Carcinogenicity 1A 1B 2
Reproductive Toxicity 1A 1B 2 Lactation
STOT Single Exposure 1 2 3
STOT Repeated Exposure 1 2
Aspiration 1
Simple Asphyxiants Single Category Single Category
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Acute Toxicity

• Adverse effects occurring following oral or
  dermal administration of a single dose of a
  substance, or multiple doses given within 24
  hours, or an inhalation exposure of 4 hours.

To be described as acute toxicity, the adverse
effects should occur within 14 days of the
administration of the substance Acute exposures
and acute effects generally involve short-term,
high concentrations, and immediate or prompt
health effects (illness, irritation, or death).
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Chronic Toxicity

• Describes the adverse health effects from
  repeated exposures, often at lower levels, to a
  substance over a longer time period (months or
  years).
• For example, asbestosis.

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• Skin Corrosion is the production of irreversible
  damage to the skin.
• Caused by
• Exposure to Battery acid while fixing your car.
• While adding Muratic acid to your pool.
• 3rd degree Burns by flame or electrical.
• Skin Irritation is the production of
  irreversible damage to the skin.
• Due to exposure to Sun, first degree burns.
• Exposure to Poison oak
• Exposure to household items such as Drano,
  Household Cleaner and brass polish.
• Allergic reaction to medications such as
  penicillin and sulphur that could be cured with
  Benadryl.

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Serious Eye Damage

• Tissue damage to the eye
• Serious physical loss of vision
• Exposure of the substance to the surface of the
  eye, which does not fully heal or recover with in
  21 days.
• (non-reversible)
• Eye Irritation
• Changes to the tissue of the eye
• Exposure of the substance to the surface of the
  eye, which does heal and recover in 21 days.
• (reversible)
• This is based on controlled testing methods to
  determine known damages.

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Respiratory SensitizerA respiratory sensitizer
is ANY chemical that when inhaled into the lungs,
it causes immediate sensitivity and irritation
of the lung tissue.
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Germ Cell Mutagenicity

• A mutation is a change to your DNA. Changes to
  your DNA caused by exposure to chemicals can
  affect
• You
• Organ damage
• Cancer
• Your unborn children
• Birth defects
• Miscarriage

Note This symbol represents additional health
hazards.
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Reproductive Toxicity is a hazard associated with
some chemical substances, that they will
interfere in some way with normal reproduction.
It includes-Adverse effects on sexual
function-Fertility in adult males and
females-Developmental toxicity in the offspring
(Learning disabilities)

• Common Examples in the Workplace
• Lead poisoning
• Ethylene glycol (Antifreeze)
• Radiation

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Carcinogens

• A carcinogen is a substance or mixture of
  substances which induce cancer or increase its
  incidence.
• Cancer is any disease in which normal cells are
  damaged and do not undergo programmed cell death
  as fast as they divide.

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Specific Target Organ Toxicity - single exposure,
(STOT-SE) means specific, non-lethal target organ
toxicity arising from a single exposure to a
chemical. All significant health effects that can
impair function, both reversible and
irreversible, immediate and/or delayed. A
response to chemical exposure that affects a
particular organ or system, such as the lungs or
liver Aspiration hazards are solids or liquids
which can cause damage through inhalation
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Specific Target Organ Toxicity - Repeated
Exposure (STOT-RE) means specific target organ
toxicity arising from repeated exposure to a
substance or mixture. All significant health
effects that can impair function, both reversible
and irreversible, immediate and/or delayed.
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Aspiration means the entry of a liquid or solid
chemical directly through the oral or nasal
cavity, or indirectly from vomiting, into the
trachea and lower respiratory system. Aspiration
toxicity includes severe acute effects such as
chemical pneumonia, varying degrees of pulmonary
injury or death following aspiration. Aspiration
is initiated at the moment of inspiration, in the
time required to take one breath, as the
causative material lodges at the crossroad of the
upper respiratory and digestive tracts in the
laryngopharyngeal region.
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PHYSICAL HAZARDS
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Physical Hazards
Pyrophoric Liquids Pyrophoric Solid Pyrophoric
Gases Self-heating Chemicals Chemicals, which in
contact with water, emit flammable
gases Oxidizing Liquids Oxidizing Solids Organic
Peroxides Corrosive to Metals Combustible Dusts
Explosives Flammable Gases Flammable
Aerosols Oxidizing Gases Gases under Pressure
Compressed Gases Liquefied Gases
Refrigerated Liquefied Gases Dissolved
Gases Flammable Liquids Flammable
Solids Self-Reactive Chemicals
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Hazard Class Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category
Explosives Unstable Explosives Div 1.1 Div 1.2 Div 1.3 Div 1.4 Div 1.5 Div 1.6
Flammable Gases 1 2
Flammable Aerosols 1 2
Oxidizing Gases 1
Gases under Pressure Compressed Gases Liquefied Gases Refrigerated Liquefied Gases Dissolved Gases 1
Flammable Liquids 1 2 3 4
Flammable Solids 1 2
Self-Reactive Chemicals Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
Pyrophoric Liquids 1
Pyrophoric Solid 1
Pyrophoric Gases Single category
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Hazard Class Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category Hazard Category
Self-heating Chemicals 1 2
Chemicals, which in contact with water, emit flammable gases 1 2 3
Oxidizing Liquids 1 2 3
Oxidizing Solids 1 2 3
Organic Peroxides Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type F Type G
Corrosive to Metals 1
Combustible Dusts Single category
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Explosives are reactive substances that contain a
great amount of potential energy that can produce
an explosion if released suddenly, usually
accompanied by the production of light, heat,
sound, and pressure. An explosive charge is a
measured quantity of explosive material. This
potential energy stored in an explosive material
may be chemical energy, such as nitroglycerin or
grain dust pressurized gas, such as a gas
cylinder or aerosol can. Explosive materials may
be categorized by the speed at which they expand.
Materials that detonate (explode faster than the
speed of sound) are said to be "high explosives"
and materials that deflagrate are said to be "low
explosives". Explosives may also be categorized
by their sensitivity. Sensitive materials that
can be initiated by a relatively small amount of
heat or pressure are primary explosives and
materials that are relatively insensitive are
secondary or tertiary explosives.
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Flammable GasesFlammable gases/vapors are common
fire and explosion hazards found in most
companies and households. Some having a flammable
mixture range at 68 F (20 C) and some with or
without the existence of air or oxygen.hydrogen
acetylenepropane
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Flammable Aerosols Aerosols are any gas
compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure
within a non-refillable container made of metal,
glass or plastic, with or without a liquid, paste
or powder. The container is fitted with a release
device allowing the contents to be ejected as
solid or liquid particles in suspension in a gas,
as a foam, paste or powder or in a liquid or
gaseous state.
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Oxidizing Gases Oxidizing gas means any gas which
may, generally by providing oxygen, or they cause
or contribute to the combustion of other material
more than air does.
Common oxidizing agents Oxygen (O2) Ozone
(O3) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other inorganic
peroxides Fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), and
other halogens Hypochlorite compounds, including
household bleach (NaClO) Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Aside from industrial exposure to chlorine, one
very common method of chlorine exposure is the
mixture of household bleach with other cleaning
agents containing acids or ammonia. Household
bleach by itself is not toxic to humans. One of
the reasons that this gas is so toxic is that it
is highly reactive with water in the mucous
membranes of the lungs and eyes. This leads to
the production of hydrochloric acid and
hypochlorous acid, which together act as an eye
and lung irritant, corroding tissue. If one is
exposed to chlorine gas, one should seek
immediate medical attention. There is no antidote
for exposure to this gas, so rapid treatment is
paramount.
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Gases under Pressure Gases under pressure cover
four types of gases or gaseous mixtures which may
lead to serious damage to people, property, or
the environment independent of other hazards the
gases may pose.
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FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
LIQUIDS THAT HAVE VAPORS THAT WILL IGNITE AT
TEMPERATURES LESS THAN 199.4 F
KEEP AWAY FROM HEAT, SPARKS, AND OPEN FLAMES
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Flammable Solids Flammable solids are solids that
are readily combustible, or may cause or
contribute to fire through friction. Readily
combustible solids are powdered, granular, or
pasty substances which are dangerous if they can
be easily ignited by brief contact with an
ignition source, such as a burning match, and if
the flame spreads rapidly. Catch fire (1)
through friction, (2) absorption of moisture,
(3) spontaneous chemical change, (4) heat
retained from a manufacturing or other process,
or (5) which can be ignited easily and, when
ignited, burns so vigorously or persistently as
to create a serious fire hazard.
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Self-Reactive Substances Self-reactive substances
are thermally unstable liquids or solids liable
to undergo a strongly exothermic thermal
decomposition even without participation of
oxygen (air).
acrylic acid -Acrylic acid is used in the
manufacture of plastics, in latex applications,
in floor polish, in polymer solutions for
coatings applications, emulsion polymers, paint
formulations, leather finishings, and paper
coatings. Acrylic acid is also used as a chemical
intermediate acrylonitrile - Acrylonitrile is
primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and
modacrylic fibers. It is also used as a raw
material in the manufacture of plastics
(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and
styrene-acrylonitrile resins), adiponitrile,
acrylamide, and nitrile rubbers and barrier
resins cyclopentadiene diketene ethyl acrylate
hydrocyanic acid methacrylic acid methyl
acrylate vinyl acetate-Vinyl acetate is
primarily used as a monomer in the production of
polyvinyl acetate and polyvinyl alcohol. Vinyl
acetate is also used as a raw material in the
production of other chemicals, in adhesives,
water-based paints, nonwoven textile fibers,
textile sizings and finishes, paper coatings,
inks, films, and lacquers
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A pyrophoric substance (from Greek
"fire-bearing") is a substance that will ignite
spontaneously in air. Pyrophoric materials are
often water-reactive as well and will ignite when
they contact water or humid air. They can be
handled safely in atmospheres of argon or (with a
few exceptions) nitrogen. Most pyrophoric fires
should be extinguished with a Class D fire
extinguisher for burning metals.
Pyrophoric Liquids A pyrophoric liquid is a
liquid which, even in small quantities, is liable
to ignite within five minutes after coming into
contact with air.
Diphosphane- Metalorganics of main group metals
(e.g. aluminium, gallium, indium, zinc and
cadmium etc.)-Applications include the
manufacture of compound semiconductors and Atomic
Layer Deposition (ALD) in silicon-based
semiconductors Triethylborane- Triethylborane was
used to ignite the fuel in rockets and enginers
because of its pyrophoric properties, especially
the fact that it burns with very high
temperature. It was chosen as an ignition method
for reliability reasons, because the fuel has
very low volatility and is difficult to ignite.
tert-Butyllithium Hydrazine is hypergolic with
oxidants like dinitrogen tetroxide, but not truly
pyrophoric.
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Pyrophoric Solids A pyrophoric solid is a solid
which, even in small quantities, is liable to
ignite within five minutes after coming into
contact with air.
The creation of sparks from metals is based on
the pyrophoricity of small metal particles, and
pyrophoric alloys are made for this purpose. This
has certain uses the sparking mechanisms in
lighters and various toys, using ferrocerium
starting fires without matches, using a
firesteel the flintlock mechanism in firearms
and spark-testing ferrous metals.
LiAlH4 contains 10.6 wt hydrogen, thereby making
LAH a potential hydrogen storage medium for
future fuel cell-powered vehicles.
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• Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, potassium,
  rubidium, caesium) (Including the alloy NaK)
• Some metals and alloys in bulk form (cerium,
  plutonium)
• Iron sulfide often encountered in oil and gas
  facilities where corrosion products in steel
  plant equipment can ignite if exposed to air.
• Uranium is pyrophoric, as shown in the
  disintegration of depleted uranium penetrator
  rounds into burning dust upon impact with their
  targets. In finely divided form it is readily
  ignitable, and uranium scrap from machining
  operations is subject to spontaneous ignition.7
• White phosphorus- In the industrial process,
  phosphate rock is heated in an electric or
  fuel-fired furnace in the presence of carbon and
  silica.
• Plutonium several compounds are pyrophoric, and
  it causes some of the most serious fires
  occurring in United States Department of Energy
  facilities.
• Petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) sludge.

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Self-Heating Substances A self-heating substance
is a solid or liquid, other than a pyrophoric
substance, which, by reaction with air and
without energy supply, is liable to self-heat.
This endpoint differs from a pyrophoric substance
in that it will ignite only when in large amounts
(kilograms) and after long periods of time (hours
or days).
A large compost pile can spontaneously combust if
not properly managed
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Substances which on Contact with Water Emit
Flammable Gases Substances that, in contact with
water, emit flammable gases are solids or liquids
which, by interaction with water, are liable to
become spontaneously flammable or to give off
flammable gases in dangerous quantities.
While not exhaustive, this category often
includes specific chemicals from the following
chemical families Alkali metals (e.g.,
lithium, sodium, etc.) -All of the discovered
alkali metals excluding francium have many
applications. Lithium is often used in batteries,
lubricating greases, air treatment, and aluminium
production. Pure sodium has many applications,
including use in sodium-vapour lamps, which
produce very efficient light compared to other
types of lighting, and can help smooth the
surface of other metals. Metal hydrides (e.g.,
sodium hydride, lithium hydride, etc.) Complex
metal hydrides (e.g., lithium aluminum hydride,
sodium aluminum hydride, etc.) Calcium carbide
-used in steelmaking
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Class 5 - Oxidizing Liquids An oxidizing liquid
is a liquid which, while in itself not
necessarily combustible, may, generally by
yielding oxygen, cause or contribute to the
combustion of other material. Depending on
Hazard Category

• May cause fire or explosion strong oxidizer
• May intensify fire oxidizer
• Precautionary Statements
• Keep away from heat
• Store away from clothing and other combustible
  materials
• Common oxidizing liquids and solids include
• Anti-freeze
• Bleach / Ammonia
• Gasoline
• Lighter Fluid

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Oxidizing Solids An oxidizing solid is a solid
which, while in itself not necessarily
combustible, may, generally by yielding oxygen,
cause or contribute to the combustion of other
material.
Nitrates are mainly produced for use as
fertilizers in agriculture because of their high
solubility and biodegradability Chromates-
Chromates and dichromates are used in chrome
plating to protect metals from corrosion and to
improve paint adhesion
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Organic Peroxides

• Rapid oxidation with the evolution of heat and
  light equals severe explosion.
• These pictures show the reaction of chemicals as
  they become unstable.

Benzoyl peroxide is an effective topical
medication for treating most forms of acne
4th of July is a great example of black powder
explosions with timed explosion/ detonations.
Nitroglycerin - very unstable chemical, with
sensitivity issues.
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• Class 8- Substances Corrosive to Metal
• A substance or a mixture that by chemical action
  will materially damage, or even destroy, metals
  is termed corrosive to metal.
• Why
• protection of metal equipment
• material compatibility
• Depending on Hazard Category
• Can cause skin irritation / burns / eye damage
• Examples of Corrosive to Metal materials
• Soaps
• Drano
• Coke (soda)

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Control of Health Hazards

• Hierarchy of Controls
• Engineering
• Work practices
• Administrative
• Personal protective equipment

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Engineering Controls

• Engineering controls include
• Substitution with less harmful material
• Enclosure
• Isolation
• Ventilation

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Work Practice Controls

• Work practice controls include
• Hygiene practices
• Housekeeping and maintenance
• Procedures and process changes

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Administrative Controls

• Administrative controls include
• Controlling employees' exposure by scheduling
  production and workers' tasks
• Or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels

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Chemical Hazards Controls
Local exhaust ventilation can be used to prevent
health hazards from airborne material. Local
exhaust system traps and removes the air
contaminant near the source. A typical system
consists of one or more hoods, ducts, an air
cleaner, and a fan. Local exhaust ventilation
should be used when exposure to contaminants
cannot be controlled by substitution, changing
the process, isolation, or enclosure.
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Personal Protective Equipment

• Personal protective equipment includes
• Respirators
• Ear muffs
• Gloves
• Safety goggles.
• Helmets
• Safety shoes
• Protective clothing

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PPE Pictograms
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Biological Hazards Controls
In jobs where there is potential exposure to
biological hazards, workers should practice
proper personal hygiene, particularly hand
washing. Hospitals should provide proper
ventilation, proper personal protective equipment
such as gloves and respirators, adequate
infectious waste disposal systems, and
appropriate controls including isolation in
instances of particularly contagious diseases
such as tuberculosis.
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Physical Hazards Controls
In jobs where there is exposure to ionizing
radiation, time, distance, and shielding are
important tools in ensuring worker safety. Danger
from radiation increases with the amount of time
one is exposed to it hence, the shorter the time
of exposure the smaller the radiation danger.
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Label Elements

• Train employees on the type of information that
  the employee would expect to see on the new
  labels.
• How they might use that information.
• Product identifier, Signal word, Hazard
  statement(s), Pictogram(s), Precautionary
  statement(s), and Name, address and phone number
  of the responsible party.
• General understanding how the elements interact.

For example, explain there are two signal words
Danger means a more severe hazard within a
hazard class. Warning is for the less severe
hazard
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OSHA is lifting the stay on enforcement -Update
labels when new information on hazards becomes
available. Chemical manufacturers, importers,
distributors, or employers who become newly aware
of any significant information regarding the
hazards of a chemical shall revise the labels for
the chemical within six months of becoming aware
of the new information, and shall ensure that
labels on containers of hazardous chemicals
shipped after that time contain the new
information.
If the chemical is not currently produced or
imported, the chemical manufacturer, importer,
distributor, or employer shall add the
information to the label before the chemical is
shipped or introduced into the workplace again.
85
The current standard provides employers with
flexibility regarding the type of system to be
used in their workplaces and OSHA has retained
that flexibility in the revised Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS). Employers may
choose to label workplace containers either with
the same label that would be on shipped
containers for the chemical under the revised
rule, or with label alternatives that meet the
requirements for the standard.
86
Labeling Systems such as the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) 704 Hazard Rating
and the Hazardous Material Information System
(HMIS) are permitted for workplace containers.
However, the information supplied on these
labels must be consistent with the revised HCS,
e.g., no conflicting hazard warnings or
pictograms.
87
HMIS/NFPA 704 Numerical Rating

• HMIS/NFPA 704 are Numerical Rating systems
• HMIS/NFPA 704 is not a classification systems
• GHS/HCS 2012 hazard categories are NOT included
  on labels

88
GHS classification ratings order of severity
differ from NFPA and HMIS
GHS Hazard Categories Cat 1 Severe Hazard Cat
2 Serious Hazard Cat 3 Moderate Hazard Cat 4
Slight Hazard Cat 5 Minimal Hazard
HMIS/NFPA Hazard Ratings 0 Minimal Hazard 1
Slight Hazard 2 Moderate Hazard 3 Serious
Hazard 4 Severe Hazard
HMIS/NFPA 0 Least Hazardous 4 Most
Hazardous GHS 5 Least Hazardous 1 Most
Hazardous
89
Label Requirements Shipped Containers

• Product identifier
• Signal word
• Hazard statement(s)
• Pictogram(s)
• Precautionary statement(s)
• Name, address, and phone number of the
  responsible party

90
LABELS WILL REQUIRE THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS
PictogramSignal WordsHazard Statement Precaution
ary Statement
91
Pictogram a symbol plus other graphic elements,
such as a border, background pattern, or color
that is intended to convey specific information
about the hazards of a chemical. There are nine
pictograms under the OSHA-GHS to convey the
health, physical and environmental hazards.
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(No Transcript)
93
GHS LABEL PLACARD SYSTEM (OSHA,DOT,EPA,CPSC)
94
Signal Word One word used to indicate the
relative severity of hazard and alert the reader
to a potential hazard on the label and safety
data sheet. The GHS includes two signal words
Warning for less severe hazard categories
and Danger for more severe hazard
categories.Lower categories of classification
and unclassified products would not require
pictograms or signal words under GHS.
The current EPA system includes a third signal
word Caution which is used in addition to
Warning and Danger.
95
Hazard Statement(s) Phrase assigned to each
hazard category that describes the nature of the
hazard. Examples of hazard statements are
Maybe fatal if swallowed and enters the
airways -Aspiration hazardMay cause an
allergic skin irritation, -Sensitization
skinFatal if inhaled (acute toxicity-inhalation
)May cause drowsiness or dizziness (STOT-SE
Narcotic)Harmful to aquatic life.GHS hazard
statements are based in part on current EPA
requirements and are generally very similar, but
there are some differences.
96
Precautionary statement(s) Phrases that describe
recommended measures that should be taken to
minimize or prevent adverse effects resulting
from exposure to a hazardous product, or improper
storage or handling of a hazardous product.
There are four types of precautionary
statements presented, prevention, response,
storage, and disposal.
97
Supplier Identification Under the GHS supplier
identification would include the name, address
and telephone number of the manufacturer or
supplier of the substance. Current EPA
requirements for product identifiers are
generally consistent with GHS. EPA encourages but
does not require telephone contact numbers on
pesticide labels.
98
Product Identifiers Names or numbers used on a
hazardous product label or in a safety data
sheet. They provide a unique means by which the
product user can identify the chemical substance
or mixture. Under the GHS, labels for
substances should include the chemical identity
of the substance. Labels for mixtures should
include the identities of the ingredients that
are responsible for certain hazards on the label.
Except that regulatory authorities may establish
rules for protection of Confidential Business
Information that preclude ingredient disclosure.
(The hazard information would still appear on the
label even if the ingredients are not named.)
Current EPA requirements for product identifiers
are consistent with GHS)
99
Dangerous Good Label
UN regulations This symbol affixed to
packaging on a background of contrasting
color Only UN transport markings and labels are
required for outer packaging
PPT-016-03
56
100
Label Examples
On containers
On shipping boxes
PPT-016-03
57
101
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102
(No Transcript)
103
Sample Labels
104
In addition to UN GHS hazards, OSHA includes

• Simple asphxiant
• Label Warning. May displace oxygen and cause
  rapid suffocation.
• Pyrophoric Gas
• Label Danger. Catches fire spontaneously if
  exposed to air.
• Hazard Not Otherwise Classified (HNOC)
• Does not need to be addressed on labels has to
  be addressed on SDS and in training

105
Updating Labels

• OSHA proposed to require labels to be updated
  within six months of getting new and significant
  information about the hazards.
• The final rule requires containers shipped six
  months after the information is available to be
  labeled accordingly.

106
Old vs. New
107
The revised Hazard Communication Standard
(HazCom 2012) requires that the information on
the SDS be presented using specific headings in a
specified sequence.

• Safety Data Sheets

The SDS format is the same as the ANSI standard
format which is widely used in the U.S. and is
already familiar to many employees.
108
The format of the 16-section SDS should include
the following sections Section 1.
Identification Section 2. Hazard(s)
identification Section 3. Composition/information
on ingredients Section 4. First-Aid measures
Section 5. Fire-fighting measures Section 6.
Accidental release measures Section 7. Handling
and storage Section 8. Exposure
controls/personal protection Section 9. Physical
and chemical properties
109
Section 10. Stability and reactivity Section
11. Toxicological information Section 12.
Ecological information Section 13. Disposal
considerations Section 14. Transport information
Section 15. Regulatory information Section 16.
Other information, including date of preparation
or last revision
The SDS must also contain Sections 12-15, to be
consistent with the United Nations' Globally
Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling
of Chemicals (GHS). Although the headings for
Sections 12-15 are mandatory, OSHA will not
enforce the content of these four sections
because these sections are within other agencies'
jurisdictions.
110
Safety Data Sheet

• SDSs are prime sources of information on health
  hazards.

111
Safety Data Sheets

• Must be in English (?)
• Located in the areas where materials are being
  used/generated
• Readily accessible to all employees during all
  workshifts
• Binders
• Electronic Access

112
SDS-1. Identification of the substance or
mixture and of the supplier

• (a) GHS product identifier
• (b) Other means of identification
• (c) Recommended use of the chemical and
  restrictions on use
• (d) Suppliers details (including
• name, address, phone number etc.)
• (e) Emergency phone number.

113
SDS-2. Hazards Identification
a) GHS classification of the substance/mixture
and any national or regional information (b)
GHS label elements, including precautionary
statements. (Hazard symbols may be provided as a
graphical reproduction of the symbols in black
and white or the name of the symbol e.g. flame,
skull and crossbones)
(c) Other hazards which do not result in
classification (e.g. dust explosion hazard) or
are not covered by the GHS.
114
SDS-3. Composition/ information on ingredients
Substance (a) Chemical identity (b) Common name,
synonyms, etc. (c) CAS number and other unique
identifiers (d) Impurities and stabilizing
additives which are themselves classified and
which contribute to the classification of the
substance.
Mixture The chemical identity and concentration
or concentration ranges of all ingredients which
are hazardous within the meaning of the GHS and
are present above their cut-off levels. NOTE For
information on ingredients, the competent
authority rules for CBI take priority over the
rules for product identification.
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SDS-4. First-aid measures
(a) Description of necessary measures, subdivided
according to the different routes of exposure,
i.e. inhalation, skin and eye contact and
ingestion (b) Most important symptoms/effects,
acute and delayed. (c) Indication of immediate
medical attention and special treatment needed,
if necessary.
116
SDS-5. Fire-fighting measures

• (a) Suitable (and unsuitable) extinguishing
  media.
• (b) Specific hazards arising from the chemical
  (e.g. nature of any hazardous
• combustion products).
• (c) Special protective equipment and precautions
  for fire-fighters.

117
SDS-6. Accidental release measures
(a) Personal precautions, protective equipment
and emergency procedures. (b) Environmental
precautions. (c) Methods and materials for
containment and cleaning up.
118
SDS-7. Handling and storage

• (a) Precautions for safe handling.
• (b) Conditions for safe storage, including any
  incompatibilities.

119
SDS-8. Exposure controls/personal protection
(a) Control parameters e.g. occupational exposure
limit values or biological limit values. (b)
Appropriate engineering controls. (c) Individual
protection measures, such as personal protective
equipment.
120
SDS-9. Physical and chemical properties

• (a) Appearance (physical state, colour etc)
• (b) Odour
• (c) Odour threshold
• (d) pH
• (e) Melting point/freezing point
• (f) Initial boiling point and boiling range
• (g) Flash point
• (h) Evaporation rate
• (i) Flammability (solid, gas)

121

• (j) Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits
• (k) Vapour pressure
• (l) Vapour density
• (m) Relative density
• (n) Solubility(ies)
• (o) Partition coefficient n-octanol/water
• (p) Auto-ignition temperature
• (q) Decomposition temperature
• (r) Viscosity.

122
SDS-10. Stability and reactivity
(a) Reactivity (b) Chemical stability (c)
Possibility of hazardous reactions (d)
Conditions to avoid (e.g. static discharge, shock
or vibration) (e) Incompatible materials (f)
Hazardous decomposition products.
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SDS-11. Toxicological information
Concise but complete and comprehensible
description of the various toxicological (health)
effects and the available data used to identify
those effects, including (a) information on the
likely routes of exposure (inhalation, ingestion,
skin and eye contact) (b) Symptoms related to
the physical, chemical and toxicological
characteristics (c) Delayed and immediate
effects and also chronic effects from short and
long term exposure (d) Numerical measures of
toxicity (such as acute toxicity estimates).
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SDS-12. Ecological information
(a) Ecotoxicity (aquatic and terrestrial, where
available) (b) Persistence and
degradability (c) Bioaccumulative potential (d)
Mobility in soil (e) Other adverse effects.
125
SDS-13. Disposal considerations
Description of waste residues and information on
their safe handling and methods of disposal,
including the disposal of any contaminated
packaging.
126
SDS-14. Transport information
(a) UN number (b) UN proper shipping name (c)
Transport hazard class(es) (d) Packing group, if
applicable (e) Environmental hazards (e.g.
Marine pollutant (Yes/No)) (f) Transport in bulk
(according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the
IBC Code) (g) Special precautions which a user
needs to be aware of, or needs to comply with, in
connection with transport or conveyance either
within or outside their premises.
127
SDS-15. Regulatory information
Safety, health and environmental regulations
specific for the product in question.
128
SDS-16. Other information including information
on preparation and revision of the SDS
129
Trade Secrets
1910.1200(i)(2) Where a treating physician or
nurse determines that a medical emergency exists
and the specific chemical identity of a hazardous
chemical is necessary for emergency or first-aid
treatment, the chemical manufacturer, importer,
or employer shall immediately disclose the
specific chemical identity of a trade secret
chemical to that treating physician or nurse,
regardless of the existence of a written
statement of need or a confidentiality agreement.
The chemical manufacturer, importer, or employer
may require a written statement of need and
confidentiality agreement, in accordance with the
provisions of paragraphs (i)(3) and (4) of this
section, as soon as circumstances permit.
130
The degree of its capacity to harm depends on its
intrinsic properties, i.e. its capacity to
interfere with normal biological processes, and
its capacity to burn, explode corrode, etc.
The basic approach to risk assessment is
characterized by the simple formula
Hazard x Exposure RiskThus if you can
minimize either hazard or exposure, you minimize
the risk or likelihood of harm. Successful
hazard communication alerts the user to the
presence of a hazard and the need to minimize
exposures and the resulting risks

• Risk Assessment

131
Industrial Hygiene anticipation, recognition,
evaluation, and control of occupational
hazards Risk Likelihood x Severity Exposure
Contact with a chemical, physical,
radiological, and/or biological agent Assessment
A process of gathering, analyzing,
and documenting evaluation
132
Industrial Hygiene Assessment
Type of hazard (chemical, physical, and
biological) Toxicity Quantity in use Duration
of use Past monitoring data Established
occupational exposure models
133
Concentrations

• Gases and Vapors
• ppm parts of contaminant per million parts of
  air by volume
• Particulates
• mg/m3 milligrams of contaminant per cubic meter
  of air
• Asbestos
• f/cc fiber per cubic centimeter of air

134
Recognition of Health Hazards

• Clues that may indicate exposure to chemical
  hazards
• Odor
• Taste
• Particles in respiratory system
• Acute symptoms
• Visible material in air
• Settled dust

135
PEL-Permissible Exposure Limit

• OSHAs legally allowed concentrations in the
  workplace
• Three types
• 8-hr TWA PEL
• Ceiling PEL
• STEL - PEL

136
OSHA is retaining the requirement to include the
American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
on the safety data sheet (SDS) in the revised
Standard. OSHA finds that requiring TLVs on the
SDS will provide employers and employees with
useful information to help them assess the
hazards presented by their workplaces. In
addition to TLVs, OSHA permissible exposure
limits (PELs), and any other exposure limit used
or recommended by the chemical manufacturer,
importer, or employer preparing the safety data
sheet are also required.
137
TLVs-Threshold Limit Values

• Airborne concentrations of substance to which it
  is believed that nearly all workers may be
  repeatedly exposed, day after day, without
  adverse effect
• Guidelines published annually by ACGIH

138
Approximate equivalencesbetween classification schemes Approximate equivalencesbetween classification schemes Approximate equivalencesbetween classification schemes Approximate equivalencesbetween classification schemes Approximate equivalencesbetween classification schemes
IARC GHS NTP ACGIH EU
Group 1 Cat. 1A Known A1 Cat. 1
Group 2A Cat. 1B Reasonablysuspected A2 Cat. 2
Group 2B Cat. 1B Reasonablysuspected A2 Cat. 2
Group 2B Cat. 2 A3 Cat. 3
Group 3 Cat. 2 A3 Cat. 3
Group 3 A4
Group 4 A5