The History of the Computer

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The History of the Computer

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Computer Evolution

• 1642 Blaise Pascal mechanical adding machine

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• Early 1800s Jacquard uses punch cards to
  control the pattern of the weaving loom

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The Punch Card

• 1890 Herman Hollerith invents a machine using
  punch card to tabulate info for the Census. He
  starts the company that would later be IBM.

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Evolution (continued)

• 1946 Mauchly and Eckert created the ENIAC
  computer, first electronic computer is unveiled
  at University of Pennsylvania (shown on next
  slide)

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ENIAC Computer

• Miles of wiring
• 18,000 vacuum tubes
• Thousands of resistors and switches
• No monitor
• 3,000 blinking lights
• Cost 486,000
• 100,000 additions per second
• Weighed 30 tons
• Filled a 30x50 foot room
• Lights of Philadelphia would dim when it booted
  up

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1943

• Base codes develop by Grace Hopper while working
  on the Mark I programming project.
• She invented the phrase bug an error in a
  program that causes a program to malfunction.

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1950s

• Vacuum Tubes were the components for the
  electronic circuitry
• Punch Cards main source of input
• Speeds in milliseconds (thousands/sec)
• 100,000 additions/sec.
• Used for scientific calculations
• New computers were the rule, cost effectiveness
  wasnt

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1960s

• Transistors were electronic circuitry (smaller,
  faster, more reliable than vacuum tubes)
• Speeds in microseconds (millionth/sec)
• 200,000 additions/sec.
• Computers In Businesses Emphasis on marketing of
  computers to businesses
• Data files stored on magnetic tape
• Computer Scientists controlled operations

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Late 60s Early 70s

• Integrated circuit boards
• New input methods such as plotters, scanners
• Software became more important
• Sophisticated operating systems
• Improved programming languages
• Storage capabilities expanded (disks)

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1970s Integrated circuits and silicone chips
lead to smaller microprocessors
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Late 80s to Current

• Improved circuitry several thousand transistors
  placed on a tiny silicon chip.
• Pentium chip named by Intel
• Modems communication along telephone wires
• Portable computers laptops
• Increased storage capabilities gigabytes
• Emphasis on information needed by the decision
  maker.

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The Information Processing Cycle
PROCESSING
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What is Data?

• Facts used by a computer
• WORDS
• NUMBERS

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INPUT DEVICES (Hardware)

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joystick
• Trackball
• Light pen
• Image scanner

• Touch tone telephone
• Touch screens
• Bar code scanner
• Digitizer
• Voice recognition
• Auxiliary Storage Device

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PROCESSING HARDWARE
PROCESSING

• Central Processing Unit CPU
• The Brains or Intelligence of the computer.
  Controls input and output
• The part of the computer that interprets and
  executes instructions.
• Silicon chip integrated circuit board
• Pentium name give to a particular chip

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ProcessorsCome in Many Sizes

• Mainframe large, powerful, serving many
  connected terminals. Super Computers
• Minicomputer mid-sized, serves more than one
  user at a time
• Microcomputer PC, individual workstation
• Laptopportable, small
• Handheld Palm Pilots

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What two numbers are used in Binary Code?

• 0 and 1
• They are each called a BIT
• 8 BITS make a BYTE
• 1 BYTE makes a letter or number
• KILOBYTE 1,024 bytes
• MEGABYTE 1,048,576 bytes
• GIGABYTE 1,024 megabytes
• TERABYTE 1,024 gigabytes

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MEMORY PROCESSING HARDWARE
MEMORY

• ROM
• READ ONLY MEMORY
• Small
• Instructions are installed permanently at the
  factory
• Cannot be changed
• These instructions check the computers resources
  and looks for Operating System

• RAM
• RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY
• Main Memory
• Temporaryit is erased when turned off.
• It is where programs and data is stored while
  being processed

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OUTPUT DEVICES(HARDWARE)

• Useful information that leaves the system
• Output Hardware includes

• Monitor soft copy
• Printers hard copy
• Flat Panel displays
• Voice and music - speakers
• Synthesizers
• Plotters

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AUXILIARY STORAGE DEVICES

• Network Drive (H drive)
• Hard Disk Drive (Cdrive)
• Floppy Disk Drive with 3 ½ Floppy Disk
  (Adrive)
• Smart card
• CD Read/Write Drive
• Zip Drive
• Digital Audio Tape

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SOFTWARE
Programs that Make the Computer Work

• Operating System Software
• Windows 98 GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• Windows XP GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• Unix
• Application Software
• Microsoft Word, Excel, Access, Front Page,
  Publisher
• WordPerfect
• Pagemaker, Photoshop, Dreamweaver

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What is the Boot Process?
What boots up must come down

• The process of starting up a computer from a
  halted or powered-down condition.
• Commands in ROM memory are followed
• The process of loading the Operating System
  software into Main Memory
• Windows 98
• Windows XP
• Unix

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The Information Processing Cycle
PROCESSING
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