Thomas Jefferson

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Thomas Jefferson
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Election of 1800

• Adams loses, Jefferson wins over initial tie with
  Burr
• Federalists not happy about losing power in both
  executive and legislative branches

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Midnight Judges

• Judiciary Act of 1801
• Federalist attempt to control political direction
  of future judicial decisions
• increased of federal judges by sixteen
• John Adams
• Adams filled most positions with Federalists
• John Marshall as Chief Justice of the Supreme
  Court

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Republican reaction

• Angered Jefferson and Republicans
• Jefferson withheld documents not delivered by the
  time Adams left office
• particularly William Marburys appointment
• Jefferson argued these appointments were invalid.

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Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

• James Madison refused to deliver papers, Marbury
  took him to court
• One of the Most important Supreme Court decisions
  of all time
• Chief Justice Marshall ruled
• Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional (law which
  said Madison has to deliver papers)

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Result

• Victory for Republicans
• Marbury never got appt.
• Victory for Federalists
• believed in affirming the principle of Judicial
  Review
• ability of Supreme Court to declare an act of
  Congress unconstitutional.

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Jeffersonian Democracy

• Until masses could be educated, political rule
  needed to be entrusted to agrarian aristocracy.
• Jefferson's election in 1800 shifted regional
  power to South and West from mercantile
  aristocracy of Northeast
• Jefferson's views
• Faith in the perfectibility of man
• Insistence on strong local governments
• Each generation should remake its laws to
  stimulate democracy

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Still Major Conflicts between 2 Parties

• AH still powerful influence
• Convinced Federalists to back TJ over Burr in
  1800 election
• 1804 AH backed Burrs opponent in race for NY
  Governor
• AH said Burr is a dangerous man, and one who
  ought not be trusted with the reins of
  government.
• Burr responded by challenging Hamilton to a duel

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North African Barbary States

• Pirates
• looting U.S. ships demanded a bribe of
  protection
• and in 1801, the pasha of Tripoli indirectly
  declared war
• reluctantly set the infant navy to the shores of
  Tripoli
• fighting continued for four years until Jefferson
  succeeded in extorting a treaty of peace from
  Tripoli in 1805 for 60,000.

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Louisiana Purchase (1803)

• In 1802, France stopped allowing U.S. merchants
  to use the city of New Orleans
• James Madison sent to Paris to negotiate
• France almost at war with Britain and desperately
  needed .
• Surprisingly offered to sell the US all
  830,000,000 square miles of the Louisiana
  territory for the price of 15 million.
• The US jumped at the offer finalized on April
  30, 1803
• Doubled the size of the country at a cost of 4
  cents per acre

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• Two expeditions sent out to explore new land
• Lewis Clark (1804-6) ascended Missouri to
  source, then crossed the Rockies to the Pacific.
• Zebulon Pike (1805) explored headwaters of
  Mississippi and southern Rocky Mountains.

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Conflict over neutral rights

• British and French ships seized American cargoes
  and sailors
• Jefferson responded with Embargo Act which
  prohibited all American trade with foreign ports
• a) Greatly harmed American shipping
• b) Jefferson became object of hate in New England

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• Non-intercourse Act replaced Embargo Act
• a) Reopened trade with all nations except England
  and France
• b) Provided for re-opening of trade with England
  and France if interference ended

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Western demands for War. Reasons for western
pressure

• Depression in Ohio Valley
• Desire for land in Canada and Florida
• Future fur-trading
• Region needed for expansion of settlers
• Indian warfare with confederation organized by
  Tecumseh. Battle of Tippecanoe convinced war
  hawks of British assistance to Indians.