Geotechnical Investigations

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Compaction

• Compaction - Densification of soil by removing
  air voids using mechanical equipment
• As compaction increases, the following occurs
• Strength increases
• potential for settlement decreases
• permeability decreases
• In soils compaction a function of water content

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Compaction

• Consider 0 moisture - Only compact so much
• Add a little water - compacts better
• A little more water - a little better compaction
• What is better compaction?
• More solid material (not water) in the same
  volume
• In other words - dd increases with increasing
  moisture content - TO A POINT

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Compaction

• At some point (varies from soil to soil)
  Increasing moisture decreases dd

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Compaction

• Compaction curve plotted dd vs. moisture content
• The peak of the curve is the maximum
  compaction(dd max) and optimum moisture content
  under the specified energy
• The energy in this case is the weight of the
  hammer and the height of the hammer drop

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Compaction - Lab Equipment

• Standard Proctor
• 1/30 ft3 mold
• 5.5 lb hammer
• 12 drop
• 3 layers of soil
• 25 blows / layer

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Compaction - Lab Equipment

• Modified Proctor
• 1/30 ft3 mold
• 10 lb hammer
• 18 drop
• 5 layers of soil
• 25 blows / layer

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Compaction - Lab Equipment
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Compaction - Lab Equipment
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Compaction Project Specs

• The GE will provide compaction criteria
• Other terms for compacted fill engineered fill
  controlled fill
• Specs will refer to Relative Compaction
• Relative to what?
• Proctor Test standard or modified

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Compaction Project Specs

• Soil will be compacted to 98 relative compaction
  as compared to a standard proctor test, ASTM
  D-698.
• The soil moisture content will be - 2 of
  optimum. (might say 2 or -1)

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Compaction Project Specs

• 98 means the soil in the field should be 98 of
  the lab result
• For example, if the peak of the curve is at 100
  pcf and 22 moisture
• The field compaction must be at least 98 pcf and
  within the stated moisture range

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Compaction Project Specs

• The moisture spec is sort of an additional check
  on the soil
• Looking at the curve, at any dd there is a window
  of potential moisture contents.
• If the soil is too wet or too dry, it is unlikely
  it can achieve compaction
• If the moisture is outside the range, something
  is probably not right

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Compaction Project Specs

• The proctor could be wrong or the soil could have
  changed. It is up to the GE to determine if it
  is ok or not.
• Soils can vary dramatically, so at least one
  proctor should be run on every job.
• More than one needed if soils change.

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Compaction Project Specs

• In Bowling Green, a standard proctor will on
  average be about 102 pcf at 22
• MUST verify, cannot assume a value.
• I have seen 110 pcf to 85 pcf.

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Compaction

• Proctor Does Not Guarantee Quality
• It only shows compaction relative to a lab test.
• Horse s____ can be compacted in the lab and you
  can test it in the field
• If it passes compaction, it does not mean it is
  good
• GE must determine 1st if the soil is acceptable
  as fill, then the compaction must pass

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Compaction

• Generally, the lower the PI and the higher the dd
  the better the soil will be for compaction.
• Locally, if clay soils used as fill then some
  rock of the gravel size or slightly larger will
  make a better engineered fill.

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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill

• A qualified GE should be hired to properly
  observe and approve compaction
• The GEs tools of testing fill
• Observation of operations
• Skill of the operator
• Density tests

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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill

• The observations of the GE should include
• Number of passes (compaction effort)
• Lift thickness
• Equipment (compactor, blade)
• Soil properties, changes, type, moisture
• Direct contractor to work the soil as needed
• Proofroll as needed
• Test results

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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill

• Problem Too much moisture
• Solution Work the soil (move the pile)
• Aerate
• Let dry
• Problem Low compaction
• Solution More compaction effort
• More passes
• Thinner lifts
• fewer passes needed
• better productivity

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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill
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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill
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Observing and Testing Compacted Fill
Proofrolling Looking for stability and no
pumping
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Compaction Testing
Most common method is nuclear
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Compaction Testing

• Density test in the field determines the unit
  weight and moisture of the compacted fill.
• Compare the field data to lab
• Other tests include sand cone and drive tube
• Density test alone does not tell you much
• The other 2 tools are needed
• Observation operator (skill equip)
• DENSITY TESTS DONT TELL YOU STRENGTH

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• As discussed, more energy moves the compaction
  curve up and to the left
• This decreases optimum moisture and increases dry
  unit weight
• The standard was originally developed to simulate
  field compaction in the lab
• The modified was developed to simulate larger
  compaction effort for more serious loads and
  bigger equipment

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• SO WHICH TO USE???
• To the untrained eye modified seems better as
  it will get you more solid material into the same
  volume thus it will reduce potential for
  settlement, etc.
• The trained eye will consider
• What is needed
• What will work
• Soil type
• Geographic conditions
• Cost

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• In BG, the building types most common
• Low rise commercial
• Bearing capacities 2000 to 3000 psf
• Clays
• Climate and precipitation keep soils below grade
  consistently moist
• Standard is the best choice in most cases here
  Why????

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• While a modified will give you better strength
  do we need it?
• In a little league baseball dugout, would you
  spec 10000 psi concrete?
• Why or why not
• Dont need it, thats why
• For most building cases would not specify
  modified (some you would which ones?) because
  you only need standard

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• What is the harm in specifying modified?
• Cost
• Also should consider soils and local conditions
• In BG Standard will typically produce around
  102 pcf at 22
• Modified will typically produce around 108 at 16

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Standard vs. Modified Proctor

• BG soils in the summer (driest months) will have
  moistures around 22 to 24
• With a lot of compaction effort, moistures might
  get down to 20
• To meet a modified, will need to get down to 17
  to 18 - Almost impossible to do
• It can double or even triple time needed
• Consider the situation before choosing standard
  or modified
• Let the Geotech do it!!

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Compaction Equipment

• Sheepsfoot Compactor
• Smooth Drum
• Vibratory
• Rubber Tire
• Jumping Jacks
• Plates
• Trench Compactors

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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment
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Compaction Equipment

• Vibratory compactors most effective in
  cohesionless soils
• Can help in clays, but not as much
• Smooth drum for asphalt, DGA, finish grade in
  soils. Not good for initial compaction in soils.

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Field Compaction Operations

• Primary Factors
• Equipment
• Lift Thickness
• Soil Moisture
• Book states intensity of pressure, which is
  equipment.

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Field Compaction Operations

• Heavier equipment is better
• However - heavier must be translated to contact
  area (intensity of pressure)
• Track equipment - dozers, excavators, are heavy,
  but dont compact
• Why?

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Field Compaction Operations

• Better compaction comes from?
• 1 -
• 2 -
• 3 -
• 4 -
• etc.

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Field Compaction Operations

• Thin lifts always better
• Easier to compact
• Fewer passes needed
• Some contractors think thin lifs slower, big
  thick lifts faster
• Not true

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Field Compaction Operations

• Imagine filling a hole
• It will take X truck loads
• Whether you place 2 foot lifts or 2 inch lifts,
  it is X truck loads
• Thinner lifts spread farther - less stop and
  reverse time
• Less passes to compact 2 than 2
• Thin lifts almost compacted by truck or scraper

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Homework Exercises

• Chapter 5 problems
• 4
• 5
• 8
• Have completed for next class for discussion
  and/or turn in