Plant of the day

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Plant of the day
Purple foxglove
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Chapter 2 - Chemistry
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Atomic structure
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Ions
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Water is a solvent of polar molecules
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Biological molecules

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

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From monomers to polymers
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Cellulose
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Cellulose products
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Secondary metabolites

• Produced in small amounts
• Can be very complex (chemically)

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Why do plants produce secondary metabolites?

• Attractants
• Pollinators
• Pigments, scents
• Seed dispersal

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Why do plants produce secondary metabolites?

• Deter predators

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Secondary metabolites as chemoprotectants

• Saponins and fungal resistance
• avenicin

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Milkweed produces a cardiac glycoside
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Heliconius larvae tolerate cyanogenic glycosides
in passion vine
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Volicitin

• link

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?-ecdysone

• An insect growth hormone

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Cotton produces gossypol

• trichomes

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Phytoecdysones promote molting
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Secondary metabolites used by humans

• Alkaloids
• Over 5000 known kinds
• 20 of all plants produce alkaloids
• Acts on CNS

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Alkaloids

• Capsaicin

link
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Capsaicin binds to neurons

• link

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Alkaloids

• Poppy
• Codeine
• Morphine

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Alkaloids

• Nicotine
• Rust inhibitor
• Insecticide

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Alkaloids

• Ephedrine

Ephedra Mormon tea plant
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Alkaloids

• Vinblastine vincristine
• Madagascar periwinkle
• Anti-cancer drugs
• 53 tons of leaves to produce 100g drug

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Alkaloids

• Quinine (feverbark tree)
• Anti-malarial
• 2-3 million deaths per year

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Alkaloids

• Reserpine (Snakeroot)
• Similar to serotonin
• Used to treat schizophrenia LSD patients ( a
  brain depressant/tranquilizer)

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Alkaloid poisons

• D-tubocurarine (Curare)
• Blocks acetylcholine receptors
• Paralyzes muscles, including respiratory organs
  heart

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Alkaloid poisons

• Coniine (hemlock)
• Taxine (yew)
• Solanine (potato)

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Terpenes

• Lipid-based
• Many types secreted by trichomes

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Terpenes

• Essential oils
• Citronellol
• Camphor
• Mints (Mentha)

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Essential oils

• Menthol (Eucalyptus)

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Terpenes

• Pyrethrins

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Terpenes

• Sterols (hormones)
• Phyto-ecdysones

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Terpenes

• Taxol
• Anti-cancer (ovarian)
• 0.7g taxol per mature tree
• 250,000 per kg

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Phenolics

• Salicin
• Aspirin precursor

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Phenolics

• Resveratrol
• Heart disease, cancer
• Phyto-estrogen

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Phenolics

• Vanillin

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Glycosides

• Sugar attached to a terpene
• Categories
• Cardiac glycosides
• Cyanogenic glycosides
• Saponins

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Cardiac glycosides

• Steroid-based, Stimulates heart
• Digitoxin
• Used since 1640AD as a heart medication
• 1 congestive heart failure drug
• 3 million patients/yr (U.S.)

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Cardiac glycosides

• Oleandrin
• Oleander an ornamental shrub
• Causes cardiac arrest

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Cyanogenic glycosides

• Release cyanide (HCN)
• Passion vine
• Pit fruits

link
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Saponins

• Diosgenin
• Toxic, steroid-based

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Saponins

• Diosgenin precursor of progesterone and
  cortisone
• Link 1
• Link 2

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Saponins

• Ginseng
• Stomach disorders
• Nervous disorders

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Pyranocoumarins

• Calanolide A
• Promising HIV drug

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Plant Chemistry Research

• Fatty acids and heat tolerance
• Engineering fatty acid composition in transgenic
  plants