The Qing Dynasty

1
The Qing Dynasty

• Chinese censorship

2
The Manchu create the Qing Dynasty 1650

• The Manchu elite adopted Chinese ways in
  bureaucracy and court ceremonies.
• The Qing dynasty ruled an area larger than any
  previous dynasty had (except the Tang).

3
(No Transcript)
4
Manchu Rule

• Retained much of the political system of the
  Ming, but assumed a more direct role in
  appointing local officials, and reduced their tax
  exemptions.
• Chinese and Manchu officials were paired at the
  highest posts.
• The examination system continued.
• The rulers were generous patrons of the arts and
  employed scholars to compile great encyclopaedias
  of Chinese learning.

5
Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule

• Maintained the social system of the Ming.
• Rank and the acceptance of hierarchy were
  emphasized.
• Extended family remained the core unit among the
  elite.
• Women continued to be subservient to men.
• Their lives centered on the household.
• Daughters were less wanted than sons.
• female infanticide rose.
• Lower-class women continued to work in fields and
  markets.

6
(No Transcript)
7
Economy in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule

• Attempted to alleviate rural distress and unrest
• Decreasing tax and labor burdens
• Repairing roads, dikes, and irrigation systems
• Limiting land accumulation by the elite.
• Population growth and the lack of available land
  limited the success of this reform.
• Landlords increased their holdings and widened
  the gap between rural classes.

8
Economy

• Commercial and urban expansion increased during
  the first century of Manchu rule.
• The influx of silver in payment for exports
  created a favorable balance of payments.
• European traders came to Canton, and Chinese
  merchants traveled overseas.
• A new group of merchants, the compradors, who
  specialized in the import-export trade were a
  major link between China and the outside world.
• Population quadrupled to approx.
  420,000,000. why?

9
Qing Decline

• The exam system was riddled by cheating and
  favoritism.
• Positions in government service were seen as a
  method of gaining influence and building family
  fortunes.
• Revenue loss weakened the military and dikes
  deteriorated along the Yellow River.
• By the middle of the19th century, flooding left
  millions of peasants without resources.

10
Qing Decline

• Banditry increased.
• The existing Chinese social and economic systems
  couldnt cope with the changes stemming from the
  greatly increased population resulting from the
  introduction of American crops.

11
The Opium War Causes

• The Manchu continued to treat Europeans as
  barbarians
• Advances by Europeans in science and industry
  made them serious rivals to the empire.
• British had lacked commodities to exchange for
  Chinese goods.
• The importation of opium from India into China,
  reversed the trade balance in their (British)
  favor.

12
The Opium War Causes

• Chinese saw the trade as a threat to their
  economy and social order.
• Silver left the country.
• Opium addiction became rampant.
• Initial government efforts to check the problem
  failed.

13
Immediate Cause of the Opium War

• In 1830s, an important official, Lin Zexu, was
  appointed to end the trade at Canton.
• European trading areas were blockaded and opium
  destroyed.
• British merchants demanded and received British
  military intervention.

14
The Opium War 1839-1842

• Chinese technology had fallen far behind the
  British as a result of industrialization.
• Chinese were defeated on sea and land and sued
  for peace.

15
Treaty of Nanjing 1842

• First in a a series of unequal treaties.
• Awarded Hong Kong to the British
• Opened more ports to European trade and
  residence.
• Won the right to extraterritoriality.

16
Legacy of the Treaty

• By the 1890s, 90 ports were open and foreigners
  had gained long-term leases over ports and
  surrounding territory.
• Opium continued to pour into China.
• By mid-century, British officials managed Chinas
  foreign trade and customs, and the court had to
  accept European ambassadors.

17
The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1865

• European incursions spawned a massive rebellion
  in southern China.
• Led by cult leader Hong Xiuquan
  (shee-OH-chew-ahn) who wished to create a
  Heavenly Kingdom of Peace.
• Rebels offered called for social reform, land
  redistribution, and liberation of women.
• Traditional Chinese elite were attacked.
• Aristocracy rallied to the Qing and helped crush
  the rebellion.
• Western powers, fearing a the establishment of a
  newer, stronger dynasty, aided the Qing.
• 12 years of war and 20 million deaths weakened
  China, and gave foreign nations a stronger
  footing.

18
The Self-Strengthening Movement

• Led by provincial leaders.
• Aimed at countering the challenge of the West.
• Encouraged foreign investment in infrastructure
  and military modernization.
• Wanted only to preserve the existing order, not
  to transform it.
• The Manchu and the scholar-gentry resisted reform
  and opposed the movement.
• Empress Cixi (zoo shee) she crushed a serious
  reform effort in 1898.

19
Spheres of Influence European Imperialism in
China

• In late 19th century, European states began to
  negotiate directly with local leaders for
  exclusive trading rights.
• Railroad and mining privileges
• Trade monopolies

20
The Boxer Rebellion 1900

• Cixi encouraged rebellion of secret society
  against foreigners.
• Members of the Daoist-martial arts society known
  as the Righteous Fists of Harmony attacked
  foreign quarters in Beijing.
• International force, including
  Japan and the
  United States,
  crushed the rebellion
  
  and forced Qing to
  pay
  indemnity.

21
(No Transcript)
22
The Chinese Revolution of 1911

• Chinese students worked to overthrow the Qing
  after the Boxer Rebellion.
• Revolutionary Alliance was led by Western
  educated Sun Yat-sen (Yixian)?
• Sun's goals were outline in his Three Principles
  of the People.

23
Three Principles of the People

• Nationalism self-determination for China
• Democracy self-rule with a constitution
• Socialism state-directed modernization and land
  reform

24
Qing Overthrown

• Military mutinied against the Qing.
• Revolutionaries elected Sun president of
  the Republic of China in 1911.
• Pu Yi, the last Emperor, abdicated.
• Without military backing Sun had to resign within
  weeks.
• Assembly elected Yuan Shilai, a regional warlord,
  president.
• Sun organized his followers into a nationalist
  political party known as the Guomindang (National
  People's Party), but was crushed by Yuan.
• Foreign influence in China continued.
• Imperial, Confucianist China was no longer.