China Limits European contacts

1
China Limits European contacts

• Chapter 19
• Section 2

2
Key Terms

• Ming Dynasty
• Hongwu
• Yonglo
• Zheng He
• Manchus
• Qing Dynasty
• Kangxi

3
The Rise of the Ming

• China became a dominant power
• Vassals states in Korea paid the Ming tribute
• China expected the same from Europeans
• Was not going to let outsiders threaten peace and
  prosperity

4
The Rise of the Ming

• Ming had ended Mongol rule
• Hongwu- a peasants son who drove the Mongols out
• Ruled from Yuan capital
• Restored destroyed fields
• Erased all traces of the Mongol past

5
The Rise of the Ming

• Hongwus agriculture reforms increased rice
  production and irrigation
• Encouraged fish farming, growing crops (cotton,
  sugar cane)
• Brought stability to China

6
The Rise of the Ming

• Encouraged a return to Confucian moral standards
• Improved on restoring merit based civil service
• Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant
• Purged the government
• Killed thousands of officials

7
The Rise of the Ming

• Hongwus death in n1398 led to a power struggle
• Yonglo his son emerged victorious
• Moved the royal Court to Beijing
• Yonglo had a curiosity of the outside world
• Launched 7 voyages of exploration

8
The Voyages of Zeng He

• Chinese admiral who led all seven voyages
• Large distances, large fleet, large ships
• Went from Southeast Asia to Africa
• Fighting ships, storage vessels
• Treasure ships measuring over 400 feet

9
The Voyages of Zeng He

• 27,000 people in the crew
• Sailors, soldiers, carpenters, accountants,
  doctors and religious leaders
• Distributed gifts of silks and silver to show
  superiority
• 156 countries sent tribute to the Ming court
• After 7th voyage China withdrew in isolation

10
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries

• Trade policies in the 1500s isolation
• Only government could conduct foreign trade
• Only trade through three ports
• Canton
• Macao
• Ningbo

11
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries

• Profited minded merchants smuggled goods
• Europeans paid with silver from American mines
• Silk-making and ceramics grew rapidly
• Manufacturing and commerce grew rapidly

12
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries

• Idea of commerce offended Confucian beliefs
• Money supported foreigners who were robbers
• Chinese policies favored agriculture
• Taxes on manufacturing skyrocketed, agriculture
  stayed low

13
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries

• Missionaries accompanied traders to China
• Brought Christianity, knowledge of European
  science and technology (clock)
• Matteo Ricci- first Jesuit to have an impact

14
Manchus Found Qing Dynasty

• Higher taxes and bad harvest pushed peasants to
  starvation
• 1644 Manchus people invade China
• Seized Beijing and became the leader
• Upheld Confucian beliefs
• Qing Dynasty will rule for 260 years

15
China Under Qing

• Resisted the rule of non-Chinese Manchus
• Reduced government expenses and reduced taxes
• Scholar and patron of the arts
• Company of Jesuits in his court

16
China under Qing

• Jesuits taught him mathematics, science and
  medicine
• Qian-long (grandson) ruled from 1736-1795
• China reached its greatest size and prosperity
• Expanded European missionaries in China

17
Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation

• Middle kingdom was the center of the universe fro
  2,000 years
• Foreign states wanted to trade they had to follow
  Chinese rules
• Use only special ports and pay tribute
• Dutch accepted Chinese restrictions

18
Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation

• Kowtow ritual-kneeling in front of the emperor
  and touching your head nine times
• Dutch sold tea, silk and porcelain
• 1800 tea was 80 of the shipments
• Great Britain did not like Chinese restrictions

19
Manchus Continues Chinese Isolation

• Britain refused to kowtow and China declined the
  invite to trade
• China was self sufficient and did not need the
  British

20
Korea Under Manchus

• Manchus had conquered Korea
• Korea organized their government under Confucian
  ideas
• They adopted Chinese technology
• Chinese invasion and Japanese attacks provoked
  strong feelings of nationalism

21
Korea Under Manchus

• Sentiment was evident in their art
• Many artists showed popular Korean scenes

22
Life in Ming and Qing China

• Most families farmed the land
• Farmers grew more than rice (sweet potatoes,
  corn)
• Food production increased, population followed
• Families favored sons over daughters

23
Life in Ming and Qing China

• Only sons could perform vital religious rituals
• Females were not valued
• Many female infants were killed
• Men dominated the households

24
Life in Ming and Qing China

• Women had a lot of responsibilities
• Supervised childrens education
• Worked the fields
• Managed the family finances
• Women force to remain secluded in their homes
• Worked as midwives or textiles

25
Cultural Developments

• Chinese fiction written during this period
• Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan
• Examines upper class society in the 1700s
• Valued techniques over creativity
• Pottery needed technical skill

26
Cultural Developments

• Experimentation led to production of high quality
  ceramics and porcelain
• Drama was popular entertainment
• Plays presented Chinese history and heroes
• Helped to unify and Chinese society by creating a
  national culture