Folie 1

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Ghana a country in transition
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Renewable Energy OptionsThe particular strengths
of solar thermal, PV, wind, (biomass, and hydro)
power .With emphasis on Solar Thermal Power
from Deserts E-parliament hearing Akosombo
Ghana 20 -22 Sep. 2008

• Gerhard Knies
• The Club of Rome and TREC
• TREC Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy
  Cooperation

Gerhard.knies_at_.desertec.org
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Solar Energy coming to Deserts 700-fold World
Energy Consumption 2000
? Why Clean Power from Deserts ?
All Conv. Oil reserves, knownexpected 2 weeks
sun on deserts
All Conv. NatGas reserves, knownexpected 2
weeks sun
For comparison area required for same
power from BIOMASS
All Uranium, Thorium reserves 2 weeks sun
All fossil fuels, known and expected 40 weeks sun
Can Climate Change be stopped by an Apollo
program DESERTEC ?
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Clean Power from Deserts to the World! 3000 km
world electricity demand of 18,000 TWh/y (in
2005) ? 300 x 300 km² 0.23 of all deserts In
2050 50,000 TWh/y ? 500 x 500 km²
More than 90 of world pop could be served by
clean power from deserts (DESERTEC) !
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Solar radiation (I), direct light(D), area
perpendicular to solar rays (N), DNI NASA LOW
Solar and wind characteristics in West Africa,
from SWERA plots, http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/ma
p/ , NASA LOW
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World Wind Mapprepared by Gregor Czisch, ISET,
Kassel, 2000
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World Wind Mapprepared by Gregor Czisch, ISET,
Kassel, 2000
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North Africa radiation map annual daily average
kWh/m²DNI NASA LOW http//na.unep.net/swera_im
s/map/
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No shortage of clean technologies
Nanosolar power sheet, PV
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
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New line of solar steam generator for power
plants NOVATEC Linear Fresnel Collector
easy to produce everywhere fast to mount by
labor force
Underneath shaded space for horticulture

• 16 long mirrors concentrate
• sun rays to an absorber pipe
• steam, ?turbine, ?electricity
• Much simpler than a nuclear reactor

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Molten Salt Storage Andasol 1
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WORLD
EU-25
MENA
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ECOWAS region
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6
5
4
3
2
1
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Direct light(CSP), all light(PV), wind speed
daily avereage per month1. Latitude 5.68
Longitude -1.42
CSP 4.0 kWh/m²/day ? 1460 kWh/m²/year
PV 4.9 ? 1800
Wind speed, m/s
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2. Latitude 9.94 Longitude -0.71
http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
CSP 5.2 ? 1900
PV 5.2 ? 1900
Wind
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3. Latitude 12.32 Longitude 0.13
http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
6.0 ? 2200
6.0 ? 2200
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4. Latitude 16.68 Longitude -1.06
http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/ NASA LOW
7.6 ? 2770
6.6 ? 2400
Wind speed gt 6 m/s required, at 50 m above ground
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5. Latitude 20.23 Longitude -2.48
http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
CSP 7,1 ? 2600
PV 6.2 ? 2250
Wind
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6. Latitude 19.17 Longitude 14.2
http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
8.0 ? 2920
6.8 ? 2500
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7. Latitude 25.78 Longitude -13.46 (West
Sahara) http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
7.5 ? 2700
6.2 ? 2260
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8. Latitude 31.75 Longitude 9.6 Southern
Tunisia http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map/
7.4 ? 2700
6.0 ? 2400
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Solar and wind characteristics in West Africa,
from SWERA plots, http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/map
/ , NASA LOW
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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HVDC for long distance transmission
High Voltage Direct (Alternating) Current HVDC
low losses about 2-3/1000 km HVDC transmission
costs less than HVAC for gt700 km land line,
gt70 km submarine Space for 10 GW DC Transmission
1/3 of AC lines
800 kV AC 600 kV DC 800 kV DC
same capacity each
(ABB 2004)
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Cost and performance parameters of high voltage
alternate current and direct current
transmission systems from different references
according to /May 2005/ and own calculations for
5000 MW rated transmission capacity.
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CSP power Cost Development
CSP from Spain
CSP from Africa
? Import from Africa cheaper than Spanish
production !
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Recommendation

• Launch a Sub-Sahara West Africa (DESERTECECOWAS)
  study
• on clean power from deserts

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ECOWAS CLEAN ENERGY COMMUNITY ?
7
6
5
1700 km
4
3
2
1
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Points for discussion

• Could ECOWAS cooperate on transmission ECOWAS -
  grid ?
• Can ECOWAS combine interests for CSP capacity
  building ?
• Which Industrial capacities for component
  production would ECOWAS offer/like to develop ?
• Would ECOWAS consult with NA and ME countries on
  political cooperation with EU (Union for the
  Mediterranean, Barcelona Process), and with
  European companies?
• Can ECOWAS organize a study on the potential of
  their RE sources, and on a strategy for fast
  utilization?

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Also simple AUSRA Fresnel collector, mirror
with rotatable support ring.on ground
concentrated solar light band
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CSP Solar power around the clock !
fossil backup heat
with heat storage
desalination as cooling
SUN Concentrating solar collectors? heat
SUN Concentrating solar collectors? heat
hot steam at day

• Solar electricity, at day

hot steam at night
steam power plant
POWER
used steam
condenser SEA WATER Desalination plant
FRESH WATER
1 kWh elecricity ? 40 liter H²O
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DESERTEC SuperGrid for EU-MENA

• Sun-belt technology belt
• interconnection
• technology cooperation

DESERTEC Concept deserts technology for
energy, water and climate security
Collector Area for EUMENA 4400 TWh/y
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Studies on potentials of renewable energies in
EU-MENA Initiated by TREC, performed by DLR,
financed by German govt, www.desertec.org
Biomass
(1)
(Typical Yield in GWhel/km²/y)
(1)
Geothermal Energy
Wind Energy
(50)
890
Hydropower
(50)
Economic Potential TWhel/y.
750
Solar - CSP, PV
(250)
1700
1090
gt 600 000
demand ? 7 500 TWh/y EUMENA 2050 ? 50
000 TWh/y world-wide 2050
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Capacities of transition to sustainable mix firm
capacities ( ) peak load 25

Min. FIRM CAPACITY
PEAK LOAD
? firm capacity peak load plus 25 reserve
capacity
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Resulting EUMENA-wide decarbonization
compatible with climate goal DTlt2
- 81
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DESERTEC As Solar Plan for the Mediterranean in
the new Union for the Mediterranean and what
will Sub-Sahara region do ?
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10/3 CRASH a global crisis
opportunity
from 2000 2050
.
1 Earth required Stability by renewable energies
pp10 bn
cc10 bn
Population growth
crash

• Renewables energies
• inexhaustible (x1)
• clean(x2)
• Carrying cap.

6 bn 5 bn
Population, pp carrying capacity, cc

• Fossil Energies
• exhaustible (x2/3)
• GH effect (x2/3)
• carrying cap.

energy water climate food crisis
cc2-3 bn
About 4 Earths required Crash by fossil
energies
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Solar steam generator for power plants the
Linear Fresnel Collector easy to produce to
mount
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Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy Cooperation
TREC An important step towards a stable,
sustainable and peaceful world could be made by a
Trans-Mediterranean Renewable Energy
Cooperation. 2003, June, 22nd.
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The global crisis 10/3 COLLAPSE
from 2000 2050
.
1 Earth required Stability by renewable energies
pp 10 bn
cc 10 bn
Population growth
collapse

• Renewables energies
• inexhaustible (x1)
• clean(x2)
• carrying cap.

6 bn 5 bn
Population, pp carrying capacity, cc

• Fossil Energies
• exhaustible (x2/3)
• GH effect (x2/3)
• carrying cap.

energy water climate food crisis
cc3 bn
Over 3 Earths required We are on a Fossil
Collapse-Course
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Molten Salt Storage Andasol 1
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50 Countries in EUMENA analysed within MED-CSP
and TRANS-CSP
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Exhaustible Resource Oil
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Exhaustible Resource Natural Gas
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Exhaustible Resource Hard Coal
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Exhaustible Resource Lignite
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Fossil Fuel Resources Africa

• Oil 9
• Nat Gas 6
• Hard Coal 16 (99 in South Africa)
• Lignite 0.1
• Fraction of world population
• 11
• ? Africa is not poorer than world average in all
  fossile fuel resources .
• 1 kg coal gt 4 kwh el.
• 50,000 TWh/y 12,500 Tg/y 12.5Gtcoal/y 40 Gt
  Co2/Y
• Global proven coal reserves 720 GT gt 58 years

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Sum Mary of Talk
10/3 Global Collapse Drive

• With fossil fuels ggg ,
• Africa is full of renewable energies
• solar, hydro, geothermal, biomass, wind
• The most powerful renewable energy resources on
  earth/in Africa is solar energy
• clean power from deserts for the world
• Distribution SUPERGRID (HVDC)
• Generation CSP (and wind )
• Supply by demand heat storage
• Study Sub-Saran Solar Plan DESERTEC

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10/3 CRASH a global crisis
opportunity
from 2000 2050
.
1 Earth required Stability by renewable energies
pp10 bn
cc10 bn
Population growth
crash

• Renewables energies
• inexhaustible (x1)
• clean(x2)
• Carrying cap.

6 bn 5 bn
Population, pp carrying capacity, cc

• Fossil Energies
• exhaustible (x2/3)
• GH effect (x2/3)
• carrying cap.

energy water climate food crisis
cc2-3 bn
About 4 Earths required Crash by fossil
energies
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What can they be used for?
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10/3 CRASH a global crisis
from 2000 2050
.
pp10 bn
Population growth
crash
6 bn 5 bn
Population, pp carrying capacity, cc

• Fossil Energies
• exhaustible (x2/3)
• GH effect (x2/3)
• carrying cap.

energy water climate food crisis
cc2-3 bn
About 4 Earths required Crash by fossil
energies
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Bio Mass

• OLD biomass
• dung etc continue to use (health hazards ?)
• NEW biomass
• if fromwaste good
• if from cutting forests bad
• if from rainforest ? energy-plantations
  disaster
• If from farm land ? energy plantations rich vs.
  poor
• bio mass is
• carrier of life hands off
• home of live-stock hands off

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A sustainable energy system for a world
population of 10 billion
There are many clean and renewable sources
Solar (PV and CSP), wind, waves, tidal, hydro,
biomass, geothermal,
There is to my knowledge only 1 such source
complying with all 7 criteria climate
security, enough for 10 billion people,
accessible to gt90 of world pop., long term
source security, cost stability, available by
demand, very fast deployable Solar power from
deserts Generated by solar-thermal power plants
with heat storage, and low-loss long-distance
power transmission HVDC
1. Solar power from deserts should be made the
backbone of a sustainable energy system for a
world of 10 billion 2. Wind is the best global
partner for solar power from deserts. 3. Other
forms of renewable energies can play
local/regional roles diversity enhances
security.
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WORLD
EU-25
MENA
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From (desert) sun to electricity

• Photovoltaic (PV) for distributed application
• Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plants (CSP)
  with internal energy storage for grid supply

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From day to nightconnect time zones(1) or-
energy storage(2)

• Alternatives
• East West grid around the world
• Power plants work at day time only (8-10 h/day)
• Big gaps (Pacific, Atlantic oceans) in time
  coverage
• 2a Solar heat storage South-North grid
• Power plants work around the clock (24 h/day)
• Heat storage cheap
• 2b Electricity storage (PV, (Wind))
• Power plants work only at day(wind) time, 8h/day
• Storage more difficult/costly

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2 studies Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection
for Concentrating Solar Power
-www.desertec.org- Final Report (2006) by German
Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Technical
Thermodynamics Section Systems Analysis and
Technology Assessment Studies commissioned
by Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear SafetyGermany
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Annual electricity yield (TWh/y) from transition
mix 2000-2050, generated according to expected
demand
Many sources of RE contribute !
in MENA, including export to Europe and
desalination
in EU-25 and import from MENA
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Cost of CSP electricity production in Sahara
Unsubsidised cost CSP versus natural gas CC
Natural gas CC
Latest in 10 years CSP from deserts cheaper
than all fossil power
CSP in Sahara
Discount rate 5, economic life 25 years, fuel
cost 25 /MWh, fuel cost escalation 1 /y,
irradiance 2400 kWh/m²/y, real 2007, /1
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Cost comparison of different power sources
(Spain)
In 2020 CSP from Africa cheaper than power from
coal (world market price)
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Main features of Apollo-DESERTECfor global
climate and Asia-Pacific energy security

• 2050 4-5 billion people 20,000 TWh/y
• 50 as clean power from deserts10,000 TWh/y
• ? 4,000 GW collector capacity, 40,000 km² mirror
  fields, covering a few of Indian, Chinese and
  Australian deserts.
• ? High expansion rate from 2020 ? 2050 11,000
  days!
• achieve installation of 400 MW per day!
• 400 M/day! instead of fuel expenses

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Launch a study on Asia-Pacific program or on
program of India for large-scale production of

• solar steam generator (collector)
• HVDC power cables
• Connection lines lines (about 2 GW each)
• rectifier/inverter stations
• glass, steel, aluminum, concrete only few
  increase over present consumption
• Employment effects

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Conclusions

• 10 bn people on a Earth for 2-3 bn will be a real
  problem.
• The high costs of dirty energies come later but
  they come!
• The cost of no energy will be much higher than
  the cost of renewable energies.
• Clean power from deserts is the fastest approach
  to a sustainable energy supply system.
• Clean power from deserts is not a burden but a
  highly profitable investment into energy and
  climate security, into security of civilization.
• CSP and HVDC are existing technologies for
  exploiting desert regions, for global energy,
  water climate security (DESERTEC).
• By an Apollo-Program like effort DESERTEC we can
  achieve these goals (see White Paper at
  www.desertec.org ).
• India (China) could become the leader in
  DESERTEC-technology within 10 years.

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Main features of Apollo-DESERTECfor world-wide
energy and climate security

• 2050 10 billion people 50,000 TWh/y
• 50 as clean power from deserts25,000 TWh/y
• ? 10,000 GW collector capacity, 100,000 km²
  mirror fields, covering 0.3 of worlds deserts.
• ? High expansion rate from 2020 ? 2050 11,000
  days!
• achieve installation of 1 GW per day!
• 0.5 b/day! 20 of military expenses, instead of
  fuel expenses
• average annual increment 24 ( doubling
  every 3 years)
• Launch world-wide program for large-scale
  production of
• solar steam generator (collector)
• HVDC power cables/lines (about 2 GW each)
• rectifier/inverter stations
• glass, steel, aluminum, concrete only few
  increase

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Conclusions

• Deserts are the largest but least exploited
  source of safe, clean and cost-competitive power
  on earth.
• CSP (DESERTEC) and HVDC (SuperGrid) are the new
  key technologies (concepts) for global energy,
  water climate security.
• Sun-belt and technology-belt can now form
  partnerships for development and for a world with
  10 billon people.
• The Club of Rome/TREC is working towards an
  Apollo-Program like effort EUMENA-DESERTEC to
  achieve these goals (see White Paper at
  www.desertec.org ).

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Transmission Lines for Cost and Environmental
Impact Assessment
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Fuel cost
Investment cost /kW
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 From the White Book Clean Power from Deserts
to an Apollo-Programme DESERTEC forEnergy,
Water and Climate Security

• Elements of an action programproposed by The
  Club of Rome/TREC (www.desertec.org)
  andendorsed for discussion by the MEPs
  Matthias Groote, Rebecca Harms, Vittorio Prodi
  and Anders Wijkman.November 2007 

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World Population, Carrying Capacity of Earth and
use of Fossil Fuels are incompatibel
from 2000 2050
.
1 Earth required Stability thru renewable
energies
pp10 bn
cc10 bn
Population growth
crash

• Renewables energies
• inexhaustible (x1)
• clean(x2)
• Carrying cap.

6 bn 5 bn
Population, pp carrying capacity, cc

• Fossil Energies
• exhaustible (x2/3)
• GH effect (x2/3)
• carrying cap.

cc2 bn
About 5 Earths required Crash thru fossil
energies
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World population within distance to nearest
desert90 within 2500 km
90 pop. within 2500 km
Where is the energy problem ?
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global fossil energies - solar energies in
deserts
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Hourly time series of transition mix, 2050
showing how power mix follows the load curve,
during 1 week in summer in Germany
Model of the hourly electricity balance of
Germany in 2050 (Brischke 2005)
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White Paper of The Club of Rome
towards an Apollo-Programme EU-MENA DESERTEC
forEnergy, Water and Climate Security
Available at www .desertec.org

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Criteria of sustainable energy system for a
world population of 10 billion
There are many clean and renewable sources
Solar (PV and CSP), wind, waves, tidal, hydro,
biomass, geothermal,.. But only 1 matches all
criteria
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Main parameters of a EUMENA HVDC super-grid and
power generation transmission costs. CSP
capacities from 2020 2050 according to the
TRANS-CSP scenario. In 2050, 20 lines with a
capacity of 5 GW each will transmit about 700
TWh/y of electricity from 20 different locations
in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) to the
main centres of demand in Europe.
generation
transmission
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DNI NREL MOD
Solar and wind characteristics in West Africa,
from SWERA plots, http//na.unep.net/swera_ims/ma
p/ , NASA LOW
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Molten Salt Storage Andasol 1
Source ACS Cobra
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• One Square Kilometre of Desert Land using
  Concentrating Solar Thermal Power is enough to
  harvest up to
• 250 Million kWh/year of Electricity
• or
• 60 Million m³/year of Desalted Seawater

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North Africa radiation map annual daily average
kWh/m²DNI NASA LOW http//na.unep.net/swera_im
s/map/