Psychological Disorders

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• Chapter 14
• Psychological Disorders

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Abnormal Behavior

• Behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or
  personally distressful
• Deviant
• Maladaptive
• Personal Distress
• Theoretical Approaches

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Biological Approach

• Medical Model
• Psychological disorders are medical diseases with
  biological origins
• Categories
• Structural views
• Biochemical views
• Genetic views

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Psychological Approach

• Psychodynamic Perspectives
• Behavioral / Social Cognitive Perspectives
• Trait Perspectives
• Humanistic Perspectives

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Sociocultural Approach

• Emphasis on larger social context
• Marriage and family
• Neighborhood and socioeconomic status
• Ethnicity, gender, and culture
• Gender
• Women Internalizing disorders
• Men Externalizing disorders

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Culture-Related Disorders
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Interactionist Approach

• The Biopsychosocial Model
• Biological factors
• Psychological factors
• Sociocultural factors
• All factors combine in unique ways to produce
  normal and abnormal behavior

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The Diathesis-Stress Model
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DSM-IV Classification System

• Advantages
• Provides a common basis for communication
• Helps clinicians make predictions
• Naming the disorder can provide comfort
• Disadvantages and Criticisms
• Classification based on the medical model
• Manual may include too many behaviors
• Focuses strictly on pathology and problems
• Labels can have a stigmatizing effect

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DSM-IV-TR Axes

• Multiaxial System
• Axis I and II Psychological Disorders
• Axis III General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
• Axis V Current Level of Functioning

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Critical Controversy Real or Myth?

• Physical Diseases and Mental Disorders
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Phobic Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Persistent anxiety for at least 6 months
• Inability to specify reasons for the anxiety

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Panic Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror that
  often occur without warning

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Phobic Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a
  particular object or situation
• Social Phobia

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Examples of Phobic Disorders
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Social Phobias in the U.S.
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Persistent anxiety-provoking thoughts and/or
  urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic
  behaviors to prevent or produce a situation

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• A variety of symptoms may develop as a result of
  exposure to a traumatic event, oppressive
  situation, natural or unnatural disasters
• Flashbacks
• Constricted ability to feel emotions
• Excessive arousal
• Difficulties with memory and concentration
• Feelings of apprehension
• Impulsive outbursts

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

• Prevalence and Developmental Course
• Immediate or delayed symptoms
• Symptoms generally increase, then decrease
• Flashbacks interfere with reality
• Etiology
• Combat and war-related traumas
• Abuse
• Natural and unnatural disasters

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Mood Disorders

• Mood disorders are marked by a distinctive lack
  of pleasure in life
• Symptoms may include
• Cognitive, behavioral, or physical symptoms
• Interpersonal difficulties
• Types
• Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder
• Bipolar disorder

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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Major depressive episode and depressed
  characteristics for at least two weeks
• Individuals daily functioning is impaired

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Dysthymic Disorder (DD)

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Chronic depression
• Unbroken depressed mood lasting most of 2 years
  (adult) or 1 year (child)
• Fewer Symptoms than MDD

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Bipolar Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Characterized by extreme mood swings
• Depression and manic episodes
• Frequency and separation of episodes
• Manic episodes must last 1 week
• Episodes usually separated by 6 months

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Dissociative Disorders

• Disorders are marked by a sudden loss of memory
  or change in identity
• Individuals may have problems integrating
  different dimensions of consciousness
• Types
• Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative Fugue
• Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

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Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Amnesia
• Individuals experience extreme memory loss caused
  by extensive psychological stress
• Dissociative Fugue
• Individuals experience amnesia, unexpectedly
  travel away, and assume a new identity

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Dissociative Identity Disorder

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• The same individual possesses two or more
  distinct personalities
• Each personality has unique memories, behaviors,
  and relationships
• Only one personality is dominant at a time
• Personality shifts occur under distress

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Schizophrenia

• Characterized by highly disordered thought
  processes
• Split mind individuals mind is split from
  reality

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Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Positive Symptoms
• Hallucinations and delusions
• Thought disorders and disorders of movement
• Negative Symptoms
• Flat affect
• Cognitive Symptoms
• Attention difficulties and memory problems
• Impaired ability to make decisions

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Types of Schizophrenia

• Disorganized
• Catatonic
• Paranoid
• Undifferentiated

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Etiology of Schizophrenia

• Biological Factors
• Heredity
• Structural brain abnormalities
• Neurotransmitter deregulation
• Psychological Factors
• Diathesis-stress model
• Sociocultural Factors
• Socioeconomic level

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Personality Disorders

• Diagnosis and Symptoms
• Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral
  patterns that are integrated into personality
• Often recognizable by adolescence
• Generally difficult to treat

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Personality Disorders

• Odd / Eccentric Cluster
• Paranoid
• Schizoid
• Schizotypal
• Dramatic / Emotionally Problematic Cluster
• Histrionic
• Narcissistic
• Borderline
• Antisocial

• Chronic-Fearfulness / Avoidant Cluster
• Avoidant
• Dependent
• Passive-Aggressive
• Obsessive-Compulsive