Title: Biofuels%20in%20Brazil
1Biofuels in Brazil
Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro
vant Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences Amsterdam, 2007
2Energy Mix
3Ethanol Program in Brazil
- 1925 First experiments with ethanol/gasoline
blends - 1975 Ethanol program started after the 1st oil
crisis - 1989 Leaded Gasoline forbiden.
- 1993 E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country
(33,000 gas stations) - 2003 Flex Fuel engines
- 2006 80 of new vehicles are Flex (2.5
million/year) - 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far
4Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy 8.2
Ethanol production in 2006 16 billion liters
Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island
Press, 1993
5Ethanol Plants
313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000
agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 of Br.
area) 89 New plants are being contructed
6Physical Productivity
Source Brazilian Agricultural Ministry
7Ethanol Energetic Balance
Wheat
Corn
Sugar Beet
Sugar Cane (Brazil)
Output/Input Energy
Source F.O.Licht (in New trends to the ethanol
supply chain in Brazil, Simoes, R.B., Master
Thesis, Universiteit Van Tilburg, Holanda,
Jul-2006)
8Sugar Cane Energy
- 1 mton of Sugar Cane
- 1.7 103 kcal 1.2 barrel of petroleum
- Sugar cane bagasse is producing 2,500 MW
- Breakthrough ethanol from bagasse and other
residual biomass
9Sugar Cane Energy
10Basic Biomass Composition
- Cellulose (40-60)
- Hemicellulose (20-40)
- Lignin (10-25)
Hemicellulose convertion to ethanol Brazilian
Patent Petrobras/UFRJ no PI0505299-8 (11/2005)
11Lignin
Coniferilic Alcohol
Cumaric Alcohol
Sinapilic Alcohol
12Flash Pyrolysis
13PYROLYSIS OIL
30 Oxygen pH 2
Collaboration with Brem, C. and Brammer, J.G,
Twente University
14Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration
Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces 100,000
mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel
15Biodiesel Program
- B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year)
- B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly)
- Now
- 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year)
- 4,000 gas stations providing B2
- Some transportation companies using B30 (More
than 2,000 buses) - Projects More than 100 new biodiesel plants
- LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR
REGIONS
16(No Transcript)
17Palm
Babassu
Castor
Sunflower
Soybean, Tallow, Cotton
Jatropha
Canola
Peanut
18Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy 3)
NREL (USA) http//www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98
/24089.pdf
19Jatropha curcas Biodiesel
Output/Input Energy 5- 6
Ref Ouedraogo, 1991
20Palm Oil Biodiesel
21Output/Input Energy 8
Ref Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy
http//www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf
22Palm
- Production Costs US 240/ton of oil
- 5,000 8,000 Liters/ha
231st Biodiesel Plant Heterogeneous
Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty
Acids)
Patent D. A. G. Aranda et al PI0301103-8, 2003.
D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.
24AGROPALMA BIODIESEL FROM RESIDUES
25 Esterification Catalysts
- Heterogeneous Catalyst
- Reusable
- Zero Soap
- Easy to remove
- No neutralization
- step
Nobic Acid (CBMM)
26HOMOmethanol
E -0,264 eV
LUMOprotonated acid
E -0,230 eV
27HOMO and LUMO from Alcohols and Glycerides
28Hydrolysis
H2O Lypases
Hydrolysis Industrial Process 99 conversion 3
plants in Brazil (Non-catalytic process)
29Hydroesterification
Industrial Hydrolysis
Esterification of Fatty Acids (AGROPALMA)
Why dont integrate these process ???
30Hydroesterification
(No acidity restriction in feedstock)
FA
H2O
FA
FA
3
3
G
G
FA
Triglyceride
Fatty Acid
Water
Glycerol
H2O
FA
A
FA
A
Fatty Acid Alcohol
Biodiesel Water
Much better with Catalytic Distillation !!
31Custos Operacionais Hidroesterificação vs
Transesterificação (50,000 mton/year)
Transesterification Hydrolysis Esterification
Chemicals (/L) 4 1
Energy (/L) 1 2
Oper.Costs (/L) 5 3
If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol
plant, operating costs will be less than 2 /L.
No acidity limits in the feedstocks
32My team
- Postdocs Luciana Camacho and Ricardo Valdez
- Ph D students Neyda Om, Yordanka Reyes, Gisel
Chenard, Immacolata Manco, Rosana Amorim, Marcia
Castoldi, Marcelo Tondello, Rafael Monteiro,
Elisa Cruz, Anderson Kurunczi - M Sc students Ana Encarnação, Rafael João,
Jussara Gonçalves, Layla Rocha, Luana Rocha,
Leonardi Almeida, Carla Pereira, Margarida
Castello, Marlon Almeida
33Thank you !
www.greentec-ufrj.com
God causes all things to work together for good
to those who love Him ( Rm 8,28)
34Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs US
250/t and Biodiesel sold at US 0.60/L (No
incentive scenario)
b) Hydroesterification
Gross Margin 30.8
c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol
plant
a) Regular Transesterification
Gross Margin 33.3
Gross Margin 24.1