IC

1
Gait Cycle
Stance Phase
Swing Phase
Loading Response
Mid Stance
Terminal Stance
Pre Swing
Initial Swing
Mid Swing
Terminal Swing
IC
OTO
OIC
TO
IC
FC
TV
TV
0
10
30
60
50
100

70
85
2
Summary of Normal Gait Functions
3
COG MOVEMENTS DURING WALKING
Minimize of Displacement of COG !
Six Determinants of Gait
1. Pelvic Rotation 2. Lateral Pelvic Tilt or
Pelvic Drop 3. Knee Flexion in Stance 4. Ankle
Mechanism 5. Foot Mechanism 6. Lateral
Displacement of Body
4
1. Pelvic Rotation

• 4o on each side, totally 8o
• Forward rotation of the pelvis while the swing
  limb advances.
• Minimizes vertical displacements of the body.

5
2. Lateral Pelvic Tilt (Drop, list)

• While the body is passing over the vertical
  supporting limb in early stance
• 4-5o on each side, totally 8-10o
• Center of mass lowered.
• Minimizes vertical displacements of the body.

6
3. Knee Flexion in Stance

• While the body is passing over the vertical
  supporting limb in early stance
• 15o
• Begins with heel rise.
• Minimizes vertical displacements of the body.

7
4. Ankle Mechanism

• Muscle actions in the ankle
• - Dorsiflex at initial contact (IC).
• - Plantarflex at toe-off (TO).
• Functional lengthening of the stance limb
• Minimizes vertical displacements of the body.

8
5. Foot Mechanism

• Functional limb lengthening
• By the heel at initial stance
• By terminal rocker at terminal stance, changing
  from dorsi- to plantarflexion

9
6. Lateral Displacement of Body

• Lateral displacement Sine-curve with 6cm
  amplitude
• Genu valgum
• Minimizes lateral displacement of the body.

10
Attributes of Pathological Gait
1. Stability in Stance
2. Foot Clearance in Swing

• Abnormal foot position
• Compromised balance by the lack
• of trunk and lower body motor
• control

• Loss of Knee Motion
• Inadequate Dorsiflexion

11
Attributes of Pathological Gait
3. Pre-positioning of the foot
4. Adequate Step Length
Efficient Energy Transfer Between Body Segments

• Inadequate Knee Extension in T.S.
• Unstable Foot on Stance Side
• Inadequate Plantarflexor Push-Off

• Inadequate Foot Positioning in T.S.

12
Attributes of Pathological Gait
5. Energy Conservation